Blood Pattern Analysis Essay

Heinous crimes occur everyday. These have controversially stirred up the public’s interest in forensic science techniques. People are aware of the importance of evidence and how these can substantially affect the investigation process. Forensic science, throughout the years, has been a key component in resolving crimes. Forensic scientists, crime investigators, and police partake in the various duties and responsibilities in crime investigation. There are several departments in a crime laboratory having specialists who take charge of the evidence collected at the crime scene. Through comprehensive analyses of DNA, blood, firearms, drugs, alcohol, and other tools which are done in full crime laboratories, strong evidence for the crime are established empirically. Specific techniques performed by crime investigators and forensic scientists are done with these tools (Bevel & Gardner, 1997). Benecke & Barksdale (2003) argue that forensic science claimed popularity worldwide due to advanced methods employed in criminal cases. These have helped determine the guilt or innocence of the defendant. Investigation procedures have been trouble-free for police due to the advances in DNA sampling and testing, posing major importance in crime investigation. Blood typing and testing are the main job functions of a forensic serologist, who also analyzes other important body liquids such as semen, saliva, other body fluids and may or may not be involved with DNA typing. At present, blood seems to be the most important component both for medical or forensic purposes. At crime scenes, victims and suspects are easily associated through obtained blood samples and stains. Bloodstain patterns are not only used to show the association of the victim and the assassin; position and movement during the crime can also be illustrated, who struck whom first, in what manner, upon establishment of the necessary information needed to reconstruct the crime scene. Such evidence prove the lack of veracity in defendants’ claims, which are eventually found to be mere alibis or self-proclaimed arguments. Indeed, this is a very effectual and reliable technology in crime investigation (Fisher, 2003). The science of bloodstain pattern analysis applies scientific knowledge from other fields to solve practical problems. Bloodstain pattern analysis draws on biology, chemistry, math, and physics, as scientific disciplines. As long as an analyst follows a scientific process, this applied science can produce strong, solid evidence, making it an effective tool for investigators (Fisher, 2003). Blood is partly alkaline liquid, made up of water, cells, enzymes, proteins, and inorganic substances. It flows throughout the vascular system, transporting nourishment, oxygen, and waste. Plasma is the fluid portion of the blood containing water and serum (which is yellowish and contains white cells and platelets). Red cells are the non-fluid portion of the blood, outnumbering the white cells (Stuart, 2005). Red cells and serum are very crucial elements for the carrying out the work of the forensic scientist. The freshness of the obtained blood sample can be assessed through serum; moreover, antibodies are also carried in it and such are also important in forensic analysis. More tests may be done with wet blood than dried blood; hence, wet blood has more value than a dried sample. Traces of alcohol and drug content can only be tested from a wet blood sample. Within 3-5 minutes of exposure to air, blood starts drying up, changing its color. There are different blood forms, including pools, drops, smears or crust. The height and angle at which the blood sample fell off can be identified by its drop and form. The distances at which the blood fell can be reported through the forensic science of blood spatter analysis. If blood fell from a higher distance, it has more pronounced tendrils fraying off the edges, while a blood smear on the floor indicates the direction of the force of the blow. Splatter tells the direction of the force, as it always moves toward the tail (Geberth, 1996). In 1875, different blood types had been discovered, but it was not until 1901 when Karl Landsteined formalized blood groupings, labeling them as type A (antigen A present, anti-B antibody present, but antigen B absent) and B (antigen B present, antigen A absent), labeled C (both antigens A and B absent), but was relabeled later as O. Then another type of serum was discovered, and this fourth type was labeled AB (both antigens present). The blood type of an individual is greatly affected by his parents’ blood type. Further, Dr. Leon Lattes of Italy, created blood testing for dried blood sample in fabrics (MacDonell, 1993). As early as 1904, Hans Gross of Germany documented and evaluated bloodstain collection. In 1939, geometric principles had been applied to deduce the angles of impact and convergence of the obtained bloodstain. In London, as early as 1514, blood spatter evidence was used in a court trial (Saferstein, 1995). As early as 1925, blood has been discovered and used for criminal investigation. Almost 80 percent of the human population were â€Å"secretors†. An individual carries specific types of antigens, proteins, antibodies, and enzymes characteristic of their blood that are also present in their body tissue and fluids. In the case of a secretor, investigators can tell the blood type by examining other body liquids such as saliva, teardrops, skin tissue, urine, or semen correlating the blood type obtained from the victim to the criminal. From 1951 hence, Dr. Paul Leland Kirk confirmed the effectiveness of bloodstain pattern interpretation in resolving crimes (Bevel & Gardner, 1997). In 1985, DNA technology made blood analysis easier. DNA obtained from blood samples at the crime is analyzed within a shorter period of time, comparing it with the blood profile of an individual. The gender and type of criminal can be assessed by analyzing the blood sample obtained from the crime scene. Aside from presence of blood, the way it landed on surfaces gave rise to a new forensic field, blood pattern analysis, telling experts pertinent details about the murder (Bevel & Gardner, 1997). Blood at the Scene of the Crime Benecke & Barksdale (2003) suggest that blood shedding is a dramatic accessory for the execution of a violent murder. Nearly 9 percent of the weight of a healthy person is blood and if spilled by murderers, it can leave a long trail. As blood is shed off in any volume, clotting makes it difficult to assess. Thus murderers’ attempt to wash off their violent murder often fails because blood traces stick to their clothing and weapons. Blood present at the scene of the crime has lead to the punishment of many killers who initially thought they can get away by removing all their incriminating traces (Benecke & Barksdale, 2003). Blood is very vital in relation to forensic science, from which much information may be obtained. The first task in analyzing stains is to determine whether there is blood and to whom it belongs. Afterwards, stains are examined for age, sex and blood group. The shape and pattern of liquid blood splashes reconstructs the murder scene. Bloody fingerprints and palm prints tell their own story. A single blood trace can provide much information, and analytical techniques are continuously improving through time. Blood dynamics is not only used for narrowing suspicion on the guilty party, but also to prove a suspect’s innocence. Bloodstains are reconstructed, eventually allowing investigators to simulate what transpired in the crime scene (Fisher, 2003). Blood investigation at crime laboratories is studied using two different approaches: the biological approach (serology) and the physical approach (blood splatter or bloodstain pattern analysis). The facts obtained from complex blood investigation form the core of blood evidence. Examination and interpretation of bloodstains on and around the body, and of blood spots, splashes and smears at the scene of the crime, are an essential part of a murder investigation. In addition, the location and the manifestation of blood marks on the body and its immediate surroundings help the investigator reconstruct the crime (Geberth, 1996). Blood is a liquid and hence, the laws of physics can be validly used for interpreting blood spatter. The factors that can help in reconstructing the crime scene include spot size, quantity, shape, distribution, location, angle of impact, and target surface. Correlating these factors can reduce the long and tedious process of investigation. The shape of blood spots and the position of the victim are correlated; blood vertically dropping on a even surface has a circular mark with crenated edges, indicating that the source was in a still position during that particular time. Drops of blood falling from an object in motion collide with a flat surface diagonally leaves an exclamation-mark-like spot. A thorough analysis of the shape of obliquely falling blood splashes indicates the details about speed and impact. This information are suggestive of the position of the victim and murderer, and even the weapons used during the crime. Blood spots lined on the ceiling of a room in violent murder cases, such as when the killer wielded an axe, results to lined blood spots on its ceiling (Klug, 2000). Blood smears and trails on the floor can be from a crawling wounded person or a murderer dragging the lifeless body of the victim. Blood smears become ragged at one of its edges telling the direction of the movement that occurred during the crime. In instances where the blood stain is not evident, tail fingerprints may be obtained. Moreover, invisible blood stains can be detected by doing a luminol test, which shows slight phosphorescent light in the dark where bloodstains (and certain other stains) are present (Geberth, 1996). Colored string is often used at a crime scene to show the path of blood droplets cast off from a knife or object used in a beating. These devices can give investigators a preliminary idea of the location of victim and the perpetrator at the time of the crime. They become even more important in situations where there is more than one perpetrator, where a victim manages to crawl from one location to another, or has been dragged. However, the definitive interpretation of blood patterns comes when the information is analyzed back at the laboratory using computer programs (Crow, et. al, 1996). Young (1989) indicates that blood pattern analysis includes the examination, identification and interpretation of patterns of bloodstains and relating these to the actions which may have transpired during the crime. This analysis plays an important role in reconstructing crime events. The bloodstains obtained are indicative of the type of injuries, the order in which the wounds were received, whose blood is present, type of weapon that caused the injuries, whether the victim was in motion or lying still when the injury was inflicted, whether the victim was moved after the injury was inflicted, and how far the blood drops fell before hitting the surface where they were found. In the 1930s, John Glaister, a Scottish pathologist categorized blood splashes into drops on a horizontal surface; splashes from blood flying through the air and hitting a surface at an angle; and pools around the body, which can show if the body has been dragged (Young, 1989). Bloodstain patterns are a helpful tool for crime scene investigators to understand the integral components of the crime, finding evidence for answering questions about the crime. Through bloodstain pattern analyses, collecting unecessarily excessive blood may be avoided. The shape of the blood drop itself holds significant information. The proportions of the blood drops can tell the needed energy in those dimensions. The shape of the stain can describe the traveling direction and angle at which it struck the surface (Klug, 2000). Before a scientific investigation of a violent crime is concluded, bloodstain pattern analysis is carried out and makes a noteworthy contribution to the investgation process. Bloodstain pattern analysis reconstructs the assassination that occurred, specifically the blood shedding. Because blood is uniform, it behaves accordingly. Moreover, the manner through which blood goes in and out of the victim, how it was splattered around the area of the crime, are also important sources of information for reconstructing what truly happened. Blood spatter analysis is based from the disciplines of physics and mathematics, from which the main concepts of blood pattern analysis are derived (Saferstein, 1995).

My Story – It all started when I was driving down Bullet Avenue

It all started when I was driving down Bullet Avenue. I was on the night shift, I work for the L.A.P.D, and I'd been working for L.A.P.D for longer than I care to remember. I've seen a lot, a lot of nasty things that most people wouldn't want to know happen or see happen for that matter; some call it the stuff of dreams, I call it the stuff of nightmares. Anyway, a familiar voice mumbled out of the radio. It was my mentor Jimmy, he had shown me the ropes when I was just a kid, we went through the good the bad and the very ugly, he was my friend if there was at least one person I could trust in this world it would be Jimmy. I remember what he said like it was yesterday ‘Hey Max, we had a report of a disturbance in some apartment block on 6th Avenue. Could you go check it out?† I naturally said yes. I took a left at 4th because of the road works ahead. When I arrived I got out of the car and there was this certain coldness in the air, a sick smell that normally told me something wasn't right. To my right there were some tramps, or rough sleepers as they are formally called, huddling up in the ally trying to keep warm in the cold night. I looked a little closer and noticed that that wasn't the only thing they were doing. A needle appeared in one of their hands I thought I wouldn't intrude on their good time just in case a needle was not the only thing they were carrying. I strolled past them, without even a blink they carried on. I got to the entrance of the apartment block and opened the old double pine doors and was not surprised to see it was just like every other apartment on the block. A dirty mess of old newspapers and furniture scrolled out on the floor like a typhoon had just hit. There was stairs straight ahead of me and a couple more rough sleepers who seemed to be oblivious to the fact that I had just walked in. Both were next to each other, they were so absorbed by the drugs they didn't even seem to look alive just a cold long dead stare out of the far window, the drug they had just injected was strange, not any drug I new of, and I knew every single one that anyone was using . I got a glimpse of the formula, a clear slime green liquid in the syringe. I decided to come back later and take a sample. But for now I would pursue the disturbance. I followed the wooden stairs up into a long corridor and then I stopped dead in my tracks as the faint sound of voices came from the door with the big dent in it. I moved closer so I could hear what the conversation was about, I couldn't quite make out the words but the voices were clearly of a man and a woman. I had now reached the door. I moved to the side and then an ear piercing scream sunk through the walls, it lasted for a couple of seconds then everything went silent. I had already reached for my gun, but at this, with one kick, the door was down. I appeared to be in the living room. The place was a mess: books on the floor, tables knocked over, and cupboards open. I looked down and a trail of burning red blood grabbed my attention. It lead into the room opposite. The disturbance I was called to checkout had now turned into a possible murder enquiry. I was starting to think that this could get very dangerous. As I moved towards the opposite room the trail of blood got thicker and more apparent a murder had been committed. I leaned to the side and with a forward role into the room I swung my gun out and was ready to face the culprit but I was faced with something almost completely different and more horrifying. A dead women her cold dead eyes and the pail expression told me that she had been the victim of a vicious stab wound this was confirmed by the incredibly horrific gash in her side, throat and left leg. By the way she was dressed I'd say she was a prostitute but the question was who killed her and who her client was. Instead of the average everyday cops who just ask questions and sit in there cosy little office eating donuts, I think actions speak louder then words so I get out in the field, probably because I don't have a home life, that had been taken away from me along time ago but back to the situation in hand I started to look through her possessions. I new it was her apartment because I recognized her face in the photos sprawled out on the bed-side table. I found various documents that suggested that she hung out with the wrong type of people in simple terms people who had various powers around town â€Å"gangsters†. But I was still yet to find the murder weapon. I'm not like the cops in the movies always calling for back up I could do it on my own. I eventually heard the familiar sound of sirens that usually made me uneasy but this time just made my movement quicker and more fluent. I was now determined to find the vital clues that I needed to possibly solve this mystery and make me feel like I've earned my pay. suddenly it hit me a white little card with the writing papa Vitto's pizza restaurant laying in the cool, burgundy red blood I picked it up Vitto was associated with some of those people I was talking about earlier he was not a the type of man you would mess with, for example, his wife was found out to be having an affair, the guy she had the affair with was later found floating down the river in three separate suitcases and Vittos wife wasn't found at all but the thing was if Vitto liked you it was quite an advantage he could do things for you, give you what you wanted but if you were one of the unlucky ones Vitto did not like, kind of like me then you might as well leave town. I thought I would I'd pay him a visit since he or one of his thugs was the prime suspect. Since it had been so long since I had my encounter with vitto, I decided to arrange a meeting with him first and not drop in uninvited. I new where one of his many associates hung out so I went to arrange it with a little persuading he did what I said. When I got to the pizza place if you could call it that, It was just like I remembered it a dump, it was a small building backed on to a dock with warn out and stained walls and almost shattered windows, at night it was like a haunted hell house I opened the huge double doors and approached the counter I had that strange feeling where something didn't quite feel right I got to the counter and rang the bell it was just as bad inside than outside, tables and chairs scattered everywhere. After a while of waiting I smelt the unnatural smell of gas which numbed the reality that I had been set up I dashed for the front double doors which by this time had been somehow locked I don't think it was a coincidence I had been lured in like a mouse to cheese. I made a dash for the back door through the kitchen it was blocked with a huge wooden cabinet there was no point moving it. it looked at least 500 pounds just when I was reflecting on my life and thinking of the shattered dreams and lost loved ones. I then caught a glimpse of a shiny object in the corner of my eye. I had been given a second chance it was an axe I grabbed it with a tough grip and saw my target I ran towards the cabinet swinging the axe about like a man possessed the axe hit with such a force that the cabinet doors shattered like glass on a concrete floor. It gave me new hope so I kept hacking and hacking the cabinet disappeared within a flash one swipe with the axe and the door was gone too. I jumped out on to the peer and made a leap for the water the cold icy feeling numbed me to my brain while I was submerged all I could hear was the almost fatal sound of the pizza place becoming a crater in the ground. After this experience the option of lying low looked good to me so I spent a bit of time sweating it out in my friend Jimmy's apartment. Then I would be back on that case like a kid eating cake.

Abstracts 4 Articles Decision Making

which in tern routinizes administration. These tools cannot be used appropriately to manage of incalculable entities. The functional rationality approach is when activities precisely planned and estimated to reach some goal. This method is unlikely to be used by top managers because another important factors are involved such as ego or personal altitude. If there is no special procedure for a particular problem, manager should focus on how to turn a situation into the right way in accordance with expectations from their boss. Some managerial people cannot make their own judgments. Instead, they are looking up and looking around for someone else’s opinion and finally they rely on it because of personal fears or inexperience. Another example of it is the mid-level decision-making paralysis in many American companies when a manager is trying to avoid of making a decision. In the case of inevitable decision, he or she would engage as many colleagues as possible for self-protection. Many examples of recent administrative and economic problems within American companies have showed the tendency that managers are oriented to the short-term period when making decisions. This is due to the fact that MBA programs provide tools which are focuses mostly on a short-term attitude. The second reason would be that managers are under pressure for annual, quarterly, monthly and daily results and these factors push they out of thinking about the future, even though they realise that today’s minor difficulties could be tomorrow’s big crises. Managers are also aware of blame time and when things go wrong it is necessary to be protected from consequences. This is the reason why they gravitate towards this fear being punished rather than reflecting critically. Bureaucracy disrupts working processes into parts and the results of the work therefore disconnected with the decisions, which had been made. Manager’s productivity depends on the position within management circle or their supervisors. There is no codes or systems for tracking personal responsibilities to be established. To be successful manager means to move quickly within the levels of managerial hierarchy. It protects from going into problems too deeply at every level. Example I worked for four years as an instrument engineer in the Natural gas industry in Russia. I was involved into the decision making process associated with planning resources and finances for further projects and discussions about engineering-related difficulties. Firstly, when the question was complicated and involves financial resources, I checked the parameters of equipment many times and sent the results to my boss. When I received the confirmation from him, I printed it out and managed the necessary signatures on it. I did not want to be responsible for any inconvenience because my boss has to carry out this kind of responsibility. It was extremely important for me as a lower-level manager to have the document that proves that all things are done in time and approved by middle-level manager. In case of inconveniences such as the late commissioning phase of facilities I showed the documents that all the steps were completed by me on time. Reading 4. 2 Â  Reason, J. (1990) The general view on accident’s causes within complex technological systems includes theoretical framework which is not only provides the data on how dangerous factors could be combined themselves, but also where and how to predict these tendencies and take necessary measures beforehand. There are many elements of production, which are also involved into accident causation. Fallible high-level manager’s decisions are a major contributing factor to an increase in risk, followed by the lack of line management, which in turn causes dangerous preconditions and unsafe acts (intended and unintended). The latter are based on human’s psychological characteristics and conditions and are described as a combination of both potential hazards and errors, which could cause injury or damage. Likewise, a trajectory of an opportunity includes all these factors plus safeguards and productive events. Each of these has a window of opportunity in terms of an accident incidence. Therefore damage is highly possible when this trajectory is crossing all the windows at all the stages of production. The safe operation control consists of two features – feedback and response. The theory points out that the most successful approach to manage the safety is by taken into consideration the failure types rather than the failure tokens. According to Westrum (1988) there are three groups of auctions – denial, repair and reform. The successful organization is taken actions in responding to safely data from the reform (bottom level). The fundamental distribution error relates to a personal incompetence of employee while on the other hand the fundamental surprise error is the situation when personal observation differs to a reality. Thus, taken into consideration these terms and experience from the past major accidents such as Chernobyl, the nature of a malfunction has to be considered not only as pure technical but also as socio-technical. The people’s contribution to accidents is dominating the machine failure risk. Example I investigated many serious accidents related to the natural gas transportation process. For instance, one emergency stop of the 3. 2-megawatt gas turbine was caused by the malfunction of a frequency meter. After an analysis of reports I concluded that technical maintenance of this device was conducted improperly. A responsible worker forgot to finish one procedure related to the metrology accuracy of this piece of equipment. Another example is when other gas turbine was stopped by alarm during normal working cycle. The reason for that was unplanned and uncoordinated upgrade of its automatic control system (ACS). From my point of view, the modern technology is very reliable and ACS is highly faultness but social factors as well as poor decision making are of the major reasons for emergency situations. For instance, social factors in Russia are included a low salary and the lack of a proper education. Reading 6. Beach (1993) A descriptive Image theory focuses on people’s individual decisions rather than group ones, and it is directly opposite to prescriptive classical theory of making decisions. There are also three decision-related images (structures), which have to be possessed by a decision maker. The value image is based on personal principles, behavior and beliefs. These are the sou rce for generating goals. Thus, the ultimate criteria for this is when the decision maker consider the values to be relevant. Therefore potential goals and actions, if they are inconsistent with the relevant principles, will be refused. The second image, which is called the trajectory image, includes potential goals, which have to be set and the third one, the strategic image, focuses on actions and plans that have to be performed for achieving targets. The important parts of the third image are tactic and forecast, which would be a crucial factors for monitoring a realisation progress of a particular goal. Decision-making process consists of two types of decisions such as adoption and progress which include the implementation of the compatibility and profitability tests. The compatibility test is based on both types of decisions and compares candidates to three images, whereas in contrast the profitability test relates to the adoption decision only and uses the outcome after performing the compatibility test. For instance, the compatibility test selects few candidates, who successfully crossed through a selection criteria and the profitability test therefore chooses the best candidate from the previous sorting. Another important part of the Image theory is the process of framing decisions which is the action when the goal is identified and the plan is alled back if one exists. The data from the practical research suggests that it is unlikely that the decision maker tend to change the selection criteria without changes in principles, goals and plans. Example I was involved into the process of interviewing new workers within the Natural gas industry. I had to employ personnel with sufficient technical knowledge and skills because they have to work with in hazardous areas and on potentially dangerous equipment. As a team leader I was hoping to find highly qualified workers with extensive experience for an average amount of salary. After performing several meetings and consultations with potential staff within this salary category I concluded that no one was able to pass the criteria and possess theoretical knowledge and practical achievements from previous work experience. Because of that I decided to change the working images by changing the criteria. Therefore, I focused on workers who possess theoretical knowledge with engineering ideas in complex. Although they did not have extensive experience, they satisfied basic criteria and were able to perform tasks within their role (maintenance and repair). And after this correction of principles I recruited staff for my team successfully. Reading 7. 3Â  Janis (1971) Groupthink is a way of thinking when members behave with a high level of concurrence and tend to adopt a soft line of criticism on colleague’s ideas or even on every critical issue. This is why they make inhumane decisions easily with serious consequences such as the huge number of people’s deaths. The more cohesive the group, the more the risk that the decision will be proposed without the deep analysis of other choices. There are eight major symptoms of groupthink such as invulnerability, irrationality, ignorance of moral principles, stereotyped and unrealistic positions, group pressure against any critical views, member’s self-censorship, unanimity tendency within a group and the mind guard which is to protect the decision from any kind of the feedback. These indicators are typical for a bad decision making process which in tern may results the inhumane decision with serious consequences. Several steps could be adopted to prevent any group from group thinking. In this case criticism should be accepted not only by members but also by a leader. Wide range of alternatives should also be taken into account as possible options. In a case of vital decisions several groups with different leaders should be established to work on the same problem. Before the final decision is made each member should discuss considerations in its unit of organisation and then provide a final response to the group. An outside expert should be invited to all meetings. One decision-maker within the group should criticise a position of the majority. In the case of consensus the group should organise the final meeting for listening and discussing any doubts against the final decision. Although these actions have also drawbacks. For instance, when growing crisis requests an immediate solution there is no time for discussions and implementing many steps for decision making. Another example might be that the risk of the leakage of vital information would significantly increases when outside specialists are involved. All in all, it seems to be clear that top priority should be given in the prevention of any policymaking unit from the group thinking. Behavioral scientists should also be involved into these processes. Example During my work in Russia a groupthink was played a crucial role because of many factors. Firstly, my colleagues were really close to each other and the company’s social policy was developed for this purpose. Therefore, we spent some days playing games and sports altogether. This resulted in the number of small close-connected teams within the group. Another point is that my boss had a top role during all the process of discussion. Therefore, I had een many examples of bad decision-making. For instance, the only criticism from experienced and old colleagues was taken into account despite obvious things that were given by young professionals. Another factor is that the small teams did know how to play games within this environment and how to speculate. From my point of view, taking into consideration the long-term period, most of the final decisions were satisfactory but insufficient. It means that the p rojects were performed according to the rules and practices within timelines. But it can be clearly seen that due to the lack of criticism, for example, the total cost of the projects was increased. This way if the rules and steps of good decision practice were implemented, the cost and efficiency would significantly increase. Reading 8. 2Â  Callon (1987) The development of the technology has been explained by many social scientists using different available methods but they have not taken into account the point that the issue of the technology itself can also be represented as a sociological tool for an analysis. This also leads to the changes in understanding the dynamics of technology. There are two sociological views on the dynamic of consumption, which were developed by sociologists Touraine and Bourdieu. Touraine showed that French consumers’ behavior mostly dictated by large monopolies and industry, whereas in contrast Bourdieu pointed out that competition between social classes within French society taken the first place in terms of consumption of goods and services. Therefore these theories were shown by battle between engineers of two powerful French companies in the early 1970s: Electricite de France (EDF) and Renault. Despite the fact that both of them successfully proposed the concept of an electric car (VEL), the EDF’s theory failed because of unsolved technological difficulties related to the area of science and economy of the VEL, but the Renault did survive in the market because it focuses on not only the technological factors but also on rational views. This is the controversial result, because from the sociological point of view Renault’ specialists won this battle by a chance nor by implementing genius technological ideas. This experience of engineers-sociologists is possible to use as a new methodological tool for exploring large sections of society as well as researching within the value of role of social movements in the progress of consumption. There is also a helpful tool which is named the actor network. It is the case when company’s technological strategy supported by many sections of society. It describes the dynamics of society in completely different way without using sociological explanations. Firstly, in the case of implications of radical innovations within a technological sector engineers must mix technical and scientific analysis with sociology. Secondly, the actors network approach is efficient because it takes into account outside factors, which are related to common concepts of systems. Example I was responsible for implementing the concept of using compressed natural gas (CNG) as fuel for private cars and municipal buses instead of regular petrol. I was focused on the public transport such as buses because of the potential reduction of pollutions as well as the decrease of the total cost of fuel consumption. Moreover, it was easier to install the necessary equipment on buses because the government agreed to subsidise the cost of these modifications. Whereas in contrast I concluded that private car owners would not agree with this idea because the Siberian region in Russia is a large area and the number of CNG filing stations was limited to only 7. Thus, it was clear for me that using CNG fuel people could not travel between major cities which is crucial factor. This approach was based on social behavior of people and their habits. Therefore, the main target for our new policy was a municipal transport within major cities. Abstracts 4 Articles Decision Making which in tern routinizes administration. These tools cannot be used appropriately to manage of incalculable entities. The functional rationality approach is when activities precisely planned and estimated to reach some goal. This method is unlikely to be used by top managers because another important factors are involved such as ego or personal altitude. If there is no special procedure for a particular problem, manager should focus on how to turn a situation into the right way in accordance with expectations from their boss. Some managerial people cannot make their own judgments. Instead, they are looking up and looking around for someone else’s opinion and finally they rely on it because of personal fears or inexperience. Another example of it is the mid-level decision-making paralysis in many American companies when a manager is trying to avoid of making a decision. In the case of inevitable decision, he or she would engage as many colleagues as possible for self-protection. Many examples of recent administrative and economic problems within American companies have showed the tendency that managers are oriented to the short-term period when making decisions. This is due to the fact that MBA programs provide tools which are focuses mostly on a short-term attitude. The second reason would be that managers are under pressure for annual, quarterly, monthly and daily results and these factors push they out of thinking about the future, even though they realise that today’s minor difficulties could be tomorrow’s big crises. Managers are also aware of blame time and when things go wrong it is necessary to be protected from consequences. This is the reason why they gravitate towards this fear being punished rather than reflecting critically. Bureaucracy disrupts working processes into parts and the results of the work therefore disconnected with the decisions, which had been made. Manager’s productivity depends on the position within management circle or their supervisors. There is no codes or systems for tracking personal responsibilities to be established. To be successful manager means to move quickly within the levels of managerial hierarchy. It protects from going into problems too deeply at every level. Example I worked for four years as an instrument engineer in the Natural gas industry in Russia. I was involved into the decision making process associated with planning resources and finances for further projects and discussions about engineering-related difficulties. Firstly, when the question was complicated and involves financial resources, I checked the parameters of equipment many times and sent the results to my boss. When I received the confirmation from him, I printed it out and managed the necessary signatures on it. I did not want to be responsible for any inconvenience because my boss has to carry out this kind of responsibility. It was extremely important for me as a lower-level manager to have the document that proves that all things are done in time and approved by middle-level manager. In case of inconveniences such as the late commissioning phase of facilities I showed the documents that all the steps were completed by me on time. Reading 4. 2 Â  Reason, J. (1990) The general view on accident’s causes within complex technological systems includes theoretical framework which is not only provides the data on how dangerous factors could be combined themselves, but also where and how to predict these tendencies and take necessary measures beforehand. There are many elements of production, which are also involved into accident causation. Fallible high-level manager’s decisions are a major contributing factor to an increase in risk, followed by the lack of line management, which in turn causes dangerous preconditions and unsafe acts (intended and unintended). The latter are based on human’s psychological characteristics and conditions and are described as a combination of both potential hazards and errors, which could cause injury or damage. Likewise, a trajectory of an opportunity includes all these factors plus safeguards and productive events. Each of these has a window of opportunity in terms of an accident incidence. Therefore damage is highly possible when this trajectory is crossing all the windows at all the stages of production. The safe operation control consists of two features – feedback and response. The theory points out that the most successful approach to manage the safety is by taken into consideration the failure types rather than the failure tokens. According to Westrum (1988) there are three groups of auctions – denial, repair and reform. The successful organization is taken actions in responding to safely data from the reform (bottom level). The fundamental distribution error relates to a personal incompetence of employee while on the other hand the fundamental surprise error is the situation when personal observation differs to a reality. Thus, taken into consideration these terms and experience from the past major accidents such as Chernobyl, the nature of a malfunction has to be considered not only as pure technical but also as socio-technical. The people’s contribution to accidents is dominating the machine failure risk. Example I investigated many serious accidents related to the natural gas transportation process. For instance, one emergency stop of the 3. 2-megawatt gas turbine was caused by the malfunction of a frequency meter. After an analysis of reports I concluded that technical maintenance of this device was conducted improperly. A responsible worker forgot to finish one procedure related to the metrology accuracy of this piece of equipment. Another example is when other gas turbine was stopped by alarm during normal working cycle. The reason for that was unplanned and uncoordinated upgrade of its automatic control system (ACS). From my point of view, the modern technology is very reliable and ACS is highly faultness but social factors as well as poor decision making are of the major reasons for emergency situations. For instance, social factors in Russia are included a low salary and the lack of a proper education. Reading 6. Beach (1993) A descriptive Image theory focuses on people’s individual decisions rather than group ones, and it is directly opposite to prescriptive classical theory of making decisions. There are also three decision-related images (structures), which have to be possessed by a decision maker. The value image is based on personal principles, behavior and beliefs. These are the sou rce for generating goals. Thus, the ultimate criteria for this is when the decision maker consider the values to be relevant. Therefore potential goals and actions, if they are inconsistent with the relevant principles, will be refused. The second image, which is called the trajectory image, includes potential goals, which have to be set and the third one, the strategic image, focuses on actions and plans that have to be performed for achieving targets. The important parts of the third image are tactic and forecast, which would be a crucial factors for monitoring a realisation progress of a particular goal. Decision-making process consists of two types of decisions such as adoption and progress which include the implementation of the compatibility and profitability tests. The compatibility test is based on both types of decisions and compares candidates to three images, whereas in contrast the profitability test relates to the adoption decision only and uses the outcome after performing the compatibility test. For instance, the compatibility test selects few candidates, who successfully crossed through a selection criteria and the profitability test therefore chooses the best candidate from the previous sorting. Another important part of the Image theory is the process of framing decisions which is the action when the goal is identified and the plan is alled back if one exists. The data from the practical research suggests that it is unlikely that the decision maker tend to change the selection criteria without changes in principles, goals and plans. Example I was involved into the process of interviewing new workers within the Natural gas industry. I had to employ personnel with sufficient technical knowledge and skills because they have to work with in hazardous areas and on potentially dangerous equipment. As a team leader I was hoping to find highly qualified workers with extensive experience for an average amount of salary. After performing several meetings and consultations with potential staff within this salary category I concluded that no one was able to pass the criteria and possess theoretical knowledge and practical achievements from previous work experience. Because of that I decided to change the working images by changing the criteria. Therefore, I focused on workers who possess theoretical knowledge with engineering ideas in complex. Although they did not have extensive experience, they satisfied basic criteria and were able to perform tasks within their role (maintenance and repair). And after this correction of principles I recruited staff for my team successfully. Reading 7. 3Â  Janis (1971) Groupthink is a way of thinking when members behave with a high level of concurrence and tend to adopt a soft line of criticism on colleague’s ideas or even on every critical issue. This is why they make inhumane decisions easily with serious consequences such as the huge number of people’s deaths. The more cohesive the group, the more the risk that the decision will be proposed without the deep analysis of other choices. There are eight major symptoms of groupthink such as invulnerability, irrationality, ignorance of moral principles, stereotyped and unrealistic positions, group pressure against any critical views, member’s self-censorship, unanimity tendency within a group and the mind guard which is to protect the decision from any kind of the feedback. These indicators are typical for a bad decision making process which in tern may results the inhumane decision with serious consequences. Several steps could be adopted to prevent any group from group thinking. In this case criticism should be accepted not only by members but also by a leader. Wide range of alternatives should also be taken into account as possible options. In a case of vital decisions several groups with different leaders should be established to work on the same problem. Before the final decision is made each member should discuss considerations in its unit of organisation and then provide a final response to the group. An outside expert should be invited to all meetings. One decision-maker within the group should criticise a position of the majority. In the case of consensus the group should organise the final meeting for listening and discussing any doubts against the final decision. Although these actions have also drawbacks. For instance, when growing crisis requests an immediate solution there is no time for discussions and implementing many steps for decision making. Another example might be that the risk of the leakage of vital information would significantly increases when outside specialists are involved. All in all, it seems to be clear that top priority should be given in the prevention of any policymaking unit from the group thinking. Behavioral scientists should also be involved into these processes. Example During my work in Russia a groupthink was played a crucial role because of many factors. Firstly, my colleagues were really close to each other and the company’s social policy was developed for this purpose. Therefore, we spent some days playing games and sports altogether. This resulted in the number of small close-connected teams within the group. Another point is that my boss had a top role during all the process of discussion. Therefore, I had een many examples of bad decision-making. For instance, the only criticism from experienced and old colleagues was taken into account despite obvious things that were given by young professionals. Another factor is that the small teams did know how to play games within this environment and how to speculate. From my point of view, taking into consideration the long-term period, most of the final decisions were satisfactory but insufficient. It means that the p rojects were performed according to the rules and practices within timelines. But it can be clearly seen that due to the lack of criticism, for example, the total cost of the projects was increased. This way if the rules and steps of good decision practice were implemented, the cost and efficiency would significantly increase. Reading 8. 2Â  Callon (1987) The development of the technology has been explained by many social scientists using different available methods but they have not taken into account the point that the issue of the technology itself can also be represented as a sociological tool for an analysis. This also leads to the changes in understanding the dynamics of technology. There are two sociological views on the dynamic of consumption, which were developed by sociologists Touraine and Bourdieu. Touraine showed that French consumers’ behavior mostly dictated by large monopolies and industry, whereas in contrast Bourdieu pointed out that competition between social classes within French society taken the first place in terms of consumption of goods and services. Therefore these theories were shown by battle between engineers of two powerful French companies in the early 1970s: Electricite de France (EDF) and Renault. Despite the fact that both of them successfully proposed the concept of an electric car (VEL), the EDF’s theory failed because of unsolved technological difficulties related to the area of science and economy of the VEL, but the Renault did survive in the market because it focuses on not only the technological factors but also on rational views. This is the controversial result, because from the sociological point of view Renault’ specialists won this battle by a chance nor by implementing genius technological ideas. This experience of engineers-sociologists is possible to use as a new methodological tool for exploring large sections of society as well as researching within the value of role of social movements in the progress of consumption. There is also a helpful tool which is named the actor network. It is the case when company’s technological strategy supported by many sections of society. It describes the dynamics of society in completely different way without using sociological explanations. Firstly, in the case of implications of radical innovations within a technological sector engineers must mix technical and scientific analysis with sociology. Secondly, the actors network approach is efficient because it takes into account outside factors, which are related to common concepts of systems. Example I was responsible for implementing the concept of using compressed natural gas (CNG) as fuel for private cars and municipal buses instead of regular petrol. I was focused on the public transport such as buses because of the potential reduction of pollutions as well as the decrease of the total cost of fuel consumption. Moreover, it was easier to install the necessary equipment on buses because the government agreed to subsidise the cost of these modifications. Whereas in contrast I concluded that private car owners would not agree with this idea because the Siberian region in Russia is a large area and the number of CNG filing stations was limited to only 7. Thus, it was clear for me that using CNG fuel people could not travel between major cities which is crucial factor. This approach was based on social behavior of people and their habits. Therefore, the main target for our new policy was a municipal transport within major cities.

Renewable Energy and Combustion Process Assignment - 5

Renewable Energy and Combustion Process - Assignment Example Question 4, b: The age of the shoe is about 112 years. Question 4, c. the huge disparity in the quantity of carbon in both the shoe and the shoelace validates the claim that the lace does not belong to the shoe. Question 5: taking a tour of Okuma city is a safer choice owing to the fact that she will wear protective gear unlike in the dinner date where she is likely to eat fish exposed to the active radioactive substance. Question 6, a: The energy released every second is 2.55Ãâ€" 10−13 Joules. Question 6, b: the amount of energy released in the context is higher than the energy consumed by a 100W bulb. Question 6, c: Shutting down the reactor stops the reaction but the core would still emit energy amounting to 1.55Ãâ€" 10−13 Joules owing to the constant rate of reaction daily. Question 7, a: The capacity of the dam is likely to increase with the increase in the amount of water in its reserve. Question 7, b: Renewable energy is often unreliable owing to climatic disparities. Question 8: Furthermore, the two types of fuels just as any other renewable energy does not pollute the environment since they emit unstable yet harmless gaseous components that readily react with the oxygen in the atmosphere to form water vapor. Question 8: Biodiesels and is renewable because just as the name suggests the key raw material in its manufacture are plants, which grow just like any other. The same is the case with ethanol whose manufacture relies on plants that act as the raw materials.  

Charlemagne's Quest to restore the Roman Empire Essay

Charlemagne's Quest to restore the Roman Empire - Essay Example It is the purpose of this essay to discuss the efforts made by Charlemagne during his reign, to restore the former glory of the Roman Empire. Charlemagne was involved in numerous wars that he started himself, or those started by his late father. It was Charlemagne’s mission to expand the territory of the Franks and gain control over vast territories. Accordingly, Charlemagne was involved in wars with people such as the Danish, Saxons, Spanish, Huns, Slavs, among other tribes2. In all these wars, Charlemagne and his army emerged victorious and forced the other tribes to surrender. These newly acquired territories increased the size of Charlemagne’s empire to almost three times that ruled by his father3. By the end of his rule, Charlemagne had expanded the Frankish Empire to be the largest in Europe, coming second only to the ancient Roman Empire. Charlemagne’s many accomplishments in war won him as much accolades. He became the most revered king in Europe and ever y ruler, ranging from the Greeks to the Persians wanted to befriend him. Friendship with Charlemagne meant being well protected from one’s enemies, in addition to trade benefits. Charlemagne ruled Western Europe from Aachen, the center of his empire. Accordingly, the royal palace was stationed at Aachen. Charlemagne enlisted the services of Christian clerics to work for him at the palace. From Aachen, Charlemagne ruled most of present day Europe including: France, Germany, Switzerland, Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Italy, and Austria4. Aachen was strategically positioned such that Charlemagne was able to govern both the western and eastern sides of the Frankish empire effectively. Charlemagne believed in bringing services closer to people, thus he decentralized the administration of his empire, gave more rights to the subjects and relieved the clergy and nobles of some of their powers. As a religious man and specifically a Christian, Charlemagne was keen to ensure that people had proper places of worship. The â€Å"Holy Mother of God† basilica was built at Aix-la-Chapelle for religious practices5. This basilica was a great work of architecture that symbolized the architectural prowess of the people of Western Europe. The basilica was adorned with gold, silver, brass and marbles. Charlemagne was also very concerned about the appearance of sacred places and would routinely order priests and fathers to repair any damaged edifices. During his reign, Charlemagne insisted on the importance of the parish church by encouraging every village to have a church and a priest. Charlemagne forged a strong friendship with Pope Leo III. This ensured that Charlemagne’s empire had strong connections with Rome, thus the strengthening of the Christian faith. It was this close association with the pope that led to Charlemagne being crowned â€Å"emperor† by the pope. During Charlemagne’s period of influence, trade and commerce flourished due to var ious changes introduced in the monetary system. One of the most important changes that Charlemagne introduced was the use of silver as the medium of exchange in Europe. Prior to this, gold was the only form of currency used to transact business all over Europe. Since silver was more available, business transaction became easier and more people were able to participate in commerce6. In addition to the introduction of silver as

Should certain types of products be banned from advertised through Essay

Should certain types of products be banned from advertised through magazines billboards, commercials posters - Essay Example Advertising employs some mental pressure by attracting feelings of insufficiency on the targeted consumers, sometimes causing harm. It is, therefore, the responsibility of any advertising agency to adhere to the rules and regulations that are stipulated to shield the consumer from false and unsafe information. Some adverts still do not comply with the aforementioned rules and regulations hence leading to advertisement bans on some products (Cohen, 2011). This essay will analyse certain products that need to be banned from public domain and give appropriate reasons why they should be banned. Discussion The first product that should be banned is tobacco products like cigarettes. Tobacco manufacturers have been able to penetrate the market through a diverse media promotion campaigns including use of posters and billboards. Some of the countries have banned tobacco adverts, and it should be banned fully. The early 20th century adverts were more pronounced using large posters and billboar ds. Some of the companies had created slogans for different types of cigarettes and also acquired full support from renowned people. Some of these adverts went to the extent of using doctors and children in their attempts to lure new customers. At this time, smoking was fashionable, and there were fewer reports on health effects (Johnson, 2006). Today, tobacco has many serious complications. Tobacco is responsible for lung cancer and erectile dysfunction among its users, and approximately greater than half a million people die annually hence a lot of health costs to the tax payer. These tobacco bans will shield many children from the disastrous effects of advertising. A substantial young audience will also be salvaged from these adverts. Advertising to children is dangerous since their comprehension of personality and money is much undeveloped. They also know little on their desires and preferences and on utilization of their resources rationally to fulfill their needs. These advert s can, therefore, lead to false beliefs among them. To shield these immature children and youth, the advertisers should not deliberately deceive children and these adverts should be banned (Cohen, 2011). Secondly, slimming products should be banned from the public domain. Recently, the demand for these products has risen among the young teens, and the manufacturers have taken advantage of this scenario to deceive their customers (Srinivasan, 2009). Majority of these adverts gives the impression that slenderness is equal to beauty. Some have gone to use Photoshop drawings to bring out these impressions. These adverts mainly appeal to the teen girls who labour with body appearance issues, recognition and self esteem. When these teens look at how faultless and immaculate women look in those magazines and billboards, this motivates them to be like the models not knowing that it is just a marketing strategy employed by the manufactures in order to lure them to buy their products. This ma kes them make irrational decisions about these products which might end up being harmful to their health (Johnson, 2006). Thirdly, the category of products that should be banned is the fast and high fat content food. These foods if taken in small quantities do not pose any serious health challenge; however, majority of people recently have become obese hence increasing their susceptibility to lifestyle diseases like cancer. Health experts link these problems to consumption of high

Holistic Conception of Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Holistic Conception of Marketing - Essay Example Ulrich and Ellison (1999. pp656) emphasized that holistic customer requirements can impact even the fundamentals of a firm - the organizational architectures and product architectures. They argued that more holistic requirements from customers will require more integrated product development organizations with some heavyweight project managers that have the capability to translate "hard to articulate" customer requirements into technical specifications of the components of products. In the modern era of stringent global competitiveness, Customer Relationship Management (CRM) has taken prominent space in the global context as it has evolved as proven tool for customer retention and customer share development. As argued by Verhoef (2003. pp35), achieving positive customer relationship perceptions through satisfaction, payment equity and affective commitment are the primary objectives of customer relationship management. However, Garcia-Murillo and Annabi (2002. pp876-879) argued that a very crucial system called "Customer Knowledge Management (CKM)" is largely ignored in the modern marketing world which is critical to achieve holistic customer information to achieve the global competitiveness. They presented a framework in which customer knowledge needs to be a part of integrated firm knowledge system comprising of knowledge of suppliers, products, industry, employees, operations and competitors. This system can ensure a much bigger picture of customer needs and to the level & effectiveness the organization can fulfil them by collaborating information from various knowledge bases - plants & machineries capacities & capabilities, people competencies, production flows, quality controls & assurance, legal issues, uniqueness aspects such that competitors cannot copy them so easily, etc. The authors emphasized that customer knowledge management is important to arrive at better & timely design of new products & services that can be accepted by the customers, generate e arly warnings about reducing competencies of the company, improve competitive intelligence, achieve synergy within the organization towards meeting customer needs and demonstrate commitment to customer. They established differences between CRM and CKM whereby CKM is presented as two way system that can capture customer's ideas, concepts, experiences and improvement areas. It justifies the role of holistic customer information capturing as discussed by Svensson (2001. pp95-101) and is very much applicable in the modern world of global marketing opportunities. Conclusion: In this short essay, the author presented that Customer Knowledge Management is the modern system that can ensure capturing of holistic view of customer information for firms to develop customer oriented products and market them even at global scales. Reference List: Garcia-Murillo, M and

Quality improvement in medication administration Research Paper

Quality improvement in medication administration - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that medication administration forms the key performance improvement area in Carlinville Area Hospital as a  strategy of alleviating liabilities and costs that may arise due to lapses in drug administration. Medication administration is one of the sensitive areas of public health that is highly controlled by a number of statutes both federal and state. It is important that healthcare practitioners observe stringent measures when administering drugs in order to avoid ligations associated with negligence and incompetence.   In fact, the law is very clear on the issues related to drug administration and in case Carlinville Area Hospital will fail to institute proper performance measures, it will be virtually impossible to avoid problems associated with poor drug administration. Instilling quality improvement in medication administration will ensure that Carlinville Area Hospital upholds all the stipulated guidelines, policies, and procedur es relating to nationwide drug administration. A number of methodologies are available to healthcare providers that can effectively be used to integrated quality improvement into performance measurements. The key methodologies include but not limited to Six Sigma, Lean Production System, and Root cause analysis. These methods are important to ensure that organization operations are streamlined enough to meet the performance measures instituted by the organizations.... ificant method of improving quality in a hospital setup, it involves formalized investigation, and problem solving approached aimed at uncovering what might have caused an event as well as the events that were intercepted. Root Cause Analysis plays a significant role in helping individuals pinpoint trends as well as assess risk to be applied in case of suspected human. RCA is often based on the assumption that systems rather than personal factors are probably the root cause of most problems (Hughes, 2008). Unlike other improvement methodologies, RCA is a reactive technique that starts to operate once an event has occurred, illustrating the sequence of events leading to the specified event and above all addressing the root causes for proper examination of the event. Notable advantages of Root Cause Analysis include highly significant in assessing reported errors. It can be used to suggest system changes whenever the need arises. Lean productions system has been utilized successful to integrate quality improvement and performance measures in number of organizations, healthcare not left behind. Lean production system has highly been used to remove inefficiencies in organization systems that may lead to wastes (Hughes, 2008). Customer needs are the focus of this method as it aims at removing activities considered non-value-added to improve processes. This methodology depends a lot on the root cause analysis in its effort to improve processes considering that RCA has the ability to investigate errors. Hughes (2008) asserts that Lean production method only comes in to improve quality and prevent future occurrence of identified errors through RCA. Lean production method is considered advantageous for producing results in an objective and concise manner. Additionally this

Different Points of View of Vietnam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Different Points of View of Vietnam - Essay Example Different documents on Vietnam from 1945 when it gained independence from the French through the early 1970s shows different points of view regarding decolonization, national, liberation, and global cold war standoffs. It is imperative to note that â€Å"as decolonization coincided with the Cold War, the two global phenomena had a close and interrelated history, with each influencing the context and character of the other† Nelson and Ellenberger, 427). â€Å"In September 1945, the same month that World War II officially ended, Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969) declared both Vietnamese independence and the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam† (Nelson and Ellenberger, 447). Vietnam gained its independence in 1945. However, the French did not recognize that they had lost Vietnam as one of the colonies. This was not until 1954 when the French fully withdrew from Vietnam. In the early 1940s, Japanese were gaining more superiority in Vietnam than the French (Lawrence). When the people of Vietnam gained independence in 1945, this was confusing since it was not clear whether they had gained independence from the Japanese or the French. This is what eventually made the French not to accept that their rule in Vietnam had been withdrawn until in 1954 when they fully withdrew (Heiss, 25). The people of Vietnam were highly mobilized in 1945 when the declaration of independence was passed. This motivated them to engage in postwar aimed at driving the French home. Guerilla warfare was the only tactic that could work because the French had comparatively stronger military troops together with superior weapons. By 1954, there were many people who had been killed including French and Vietnamese. Decolonization shifted the war from the French to South Vietnam. The dreams of the people had not yet been achieved.  

Something related to the instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Something related to the instruction - Essay Example According to the information that the management provided, the Indiana State Museum advocates environmental awareness activities with fun educational programs and initiatives. In this case, many such events are organized throughout the year in order to concentrate efforts ion environmental management. On the wall of the museum, there is impressively displayed photo gallery that tells various stories about environmental conservation. Very many paintings are displayed that exhibit various scenery and geographical scenes that are well managed. Accordingly, the entire Museum can be described as a complete story that challenges people to take an active responsibility in the conservation of our environment. One can confidently describe the Indiana State Museum as a centre of excellence as far as environmental conservation is concerned. The museum instructor describes the founder of the facility as an esteemed environmentalist and that the museum was founded to specifically facilitate the conservation efforts. The information and material presented during the visit to Indiana State Museum is very much related to the current course topic. In this case, the information describes environmental conservation efforts. In my current topic, environmental conservation is a key

Advantage and disadvantage of globalization Essay Example for Free

Advantage and disadvantage of globalization Essay Innovation ideas, which are suitable to adapt changeable customers’ preferences. With the development of technology, customers preferences are always updated due to global information transmit. Global Managers are capable to create more inventive products to keep and expand global markets. 2. Localization, which can avoid cultural conflict between local customers and global company, avoid future failure of investment of subsidiary of local company. Global managers must consider customizing products to comply with local national traits and policies. On-time follow-up, which is necessary to find and solve customers’ problems, renovate and meet their requirements, to update and improve the level of global marketing. Global managers are responsible for timely feedback to customizing products. Market segment, which is flexible for global manages to make differential marketing strategy for different products in different markets. Some products with lower price and higher frequency usage can be adapted standardization strategy, which some products with high price and lower frequency usage can be adapted customization strategy. High manufacturing costs. In order to adapt different customers preferences in different markets, global companies must put their products into different manufacturing process, or different testing system, or different package operation, etc. so that the products can be customized to sale in the global market. Unavoidable national barriers. Almost every country set national trade barriers or policies to protect local companies business. And some of countries have their own cultural and religious, own living habits, global companies are difficult to enter inside without any risks or discourages. Redundant market researches. Global companies have to contribute themselves into lots of market surveys and researches, because it can influence decisions among subsidiary market. However, without local questionnaires or face meeting, data collect and calculation, case study and comparison, etc. , global managers cannot finalize a new investment program carelessly.

Piece on The lake Essay Example for Free

Piece on The lake Essay My head rested peacefully against the bark of the willow tree, my back floated on a bed of grass and my feet were gliding in the calm water of the lake, occasionally being nibbled by various fish. It was the perfect atmosphere to have a little nap; however I knew that if I fell asleep I would regret getting to admire the lakes precious beauty on this spectacular day. The sky was as clear as sapphire, the sun was a rosy apricot colour and was surrounded by pillows of clouds and somehow my imagination managed to convince me that there were little angels dancing and prancing above them. The sky looked even more radiant in the lakes refection; it added a glittery appeal to it, magical. I gazed wondrously towards the other side of the lake where the troop of trees stood, practically hugging each other. I enjoyed watching the giant trees sway with each other as if they were moving towards natures music. On my side of the lake, there was a choir of frogs chattering and birds chirping. I sang a little melody too, but the frogs and birds suddenly stopped, they must have disliked my tune. As I was about to rest my eyes a little, nature woke me up. The calming breeze tickled my ear lobes and I could faintly hear it whispering secrets to me. Every time the wind passed by, it left behind a scent of maple and berries so strong that it made my nose twitch. It smelt heavenly organic yet delightfully tasty. When I took a careful look at the lake, it looked similar to a heart shape; just one side was slightly bigger. The colour of the water was like an innocent girls eyes, so pure. It was a dark turquoise and if you looked  carefully you could see the luminous scales of various fish. Every now and then a heard of teeny tiny jump fish would be racing across the glowing surface of the lake as if they were being chased by the police. The lake was indescribably beautiful as it was but looking at what was on land around it was just the icing on top of the cake. Flowers bloomed as if they were living the last day of their life; bees flew as if there was no hurry; dears drank water as if there were no predators and birds sang as if they were in a symphony. The wind softly whispers through the trees as I rest on the soft green bed beneath me, peaceful feelings overtake me and my spirits seem to soar from within just like the birds circling above me.

Human Rights under Indian Law

Human Rights under Indian Law 1.3.4 Other Fundamental Rights (Unremunerated Fundamental Rights) A number of rights are not stated in the Covenant, are not even laid down in part III of the Constitution. In A.D M. Jabalpur V. S. Shukla[1] the Supreme Court by a majority of four to one, held that the Constitution of India did not recognize any natural or common law rights other than that expressly conferred in the Constitution. Though the attitude of the Supreme Court has changed especially after 1978. The courts on many occasions by accepting the rule of judicial construction have held that regard must be paid to International Conventions and norms for constructing domestic law. In Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India,[2] Justice Bhagwati in the Special Bench for the Supreme Court observed that: The expression ‘personal liberty’ in article 21 is of the widest amplitude and it covers a variety of rights, which go to constitute the personal liberty of man and some of them have been raised to the status of distinct fundamental rights and given additional protection under Article 19. No person can be deprived of his right to go abroad unless there is a law made by the State prescribing the procedure for so depriving him; and the deprivation is effected strictly in accordance with such procedure. The following rights are contained in the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. They are available to the citizens of India through judicial decisions, even if and though they are not specifically mentioned in the Constitution. Right to travel abroad (Article 21): The right to travel abroad is a guaranteed right under Article 12 paragraph (2) of the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. In Sathwant Singh Sawlmey D, Ramanathan, Assistant Passport Officer,[3] New Delhi, the Court held that the right to go abroad is part of an individual’s personal liberty within the meaning of Article 21, Right to privacy (Articles 21 and 19 (1) (d)): This right is stipulated under Article 17 paragraph (1) of the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. In Kharak Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh[4] it was held by the Supreme Court that the ‘domiciliary visits’ is an infringement of the right to privacy and is violative of the citizen’s fundamental rights of personal liberty guaranteed under Article 21. Right against solitary confinement Right to human dignity Right to free legal aid in a criminal trial Right to speedy trial Right against handcuffing Right against delayed execution Right against custodial violence Right against public hanging Right to health care or doctor’s assistance Right to shelter Right to pollution free environment Freedom of the press Right to know Right to compensation Right to release and rehabilitation of bonded labor Right of inmates of protection homes Thus we can notice that how the rights, whether formally enshrined or not, whether available to citizens or non-citizens, form such a palpable ingredient in being able to lead a life. Moving ahead, we can focus upon the rights and bills that are specifically concerned with child rights and encapsulated to guarantee assistance to child development. This study aims to focus on the issue of child trafficking; a concern deeply embedded in the larger canvas of human trafficking which broadly includes other than child. The Article 21 (A) of the constitution of India deals with the Right to Child Education included in the Constitution by the Eighty Sixth Constitution Amendment Act, 2002. In order to make the right to free and compulsory education for a child, the Constitution’s 83rd Amendment Bill 1997 was introduced in Rajya Sabha to insert a new article 21 A in the Constitution. However, the Bill was withdrawn on November 27, 2001. On November 28, 2001 the Constitution 93rd Amendment Bill 2001 was introduced and passed by unanimous vote in the Lok Sabha, and the on May 14, 2002 in Rajya Sabha with formal amendments as 86th Constitutional amendment. Before the Constitutional process started for making the right to education a fundamental right, the Supreme Court in J. P. Unnikrishnan and others v. The State of Andhra Pradesh[5] held that every citizen of this country has the right to free education until he completes the age of fourteen years. Indeed there is not a doubt that such a right if rightly enforced, could be directly or indirectly responsible for mitigation of many problems including trafficking. The detailed discussion of child rights and timely measures adopted to safeguard childhood will not be complete without the discussion of POSCO Bill. The President of India on June 12, 2012 assented the Act. . This Act was introduced to protect children from offences of sexual assault, sexualharassment and pornography and provide for establishment of Special Courts for trials of such offences and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. The very same consequences of child trafficking are dealt with in such laws. It can be well noted that Clause (3) of the Article 15 of the Constitution empowers the State to make special provisions for children and in India. The wellbeing of a child are regarded as being of paramount importance at every stage, as the law operates in a manner to ensure a healthy physical, emotional, intellectual and social development of a child. Further to monitor the implementation of the objectives enshrined in the constitution the Central Government has appointed a National Commission for Minorities, a National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and a National Commission for Women. The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) came into being in 1993 by virtue of the Protection of Human Rights Act. NHRC has become an agency to figure with, and has carved out a place for itself in the assortment of Indian national institutions for implementation of human rights. India is also a party to the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the child, adopted on December 11, 1992 .The convention has prescribed a certain set of standards in order to ensure and secure the best interests of the child. India being a party to this convention, is obligated to follow all the set of standards in guaranteeing such safeguards to child/children. The State parties to the Convention on the Rights of the Child are required to undertake all appropriate national, bilateral and multilateral measures to prevent- inducement or coercion of a child to engage in any unlawfulsexual activity the exploitative use of children in prostitution or other unlawful activity the exploitative use of children in pornographic performances and materials This Act is enacted by the Parliament to be extended to all the parts of India, excepting Jammu and Kashmir. This brings our notice to laws and Acts that extends to even Jammu and Kashmir. India is also a signatory to the UNCRC which defines the age of a child i.e. below 18 years. Countries all over the world use this definition. A child between the ages of 0-18 years is not allowed to vote, sign a contract or engage a lawyer. The Juvenile Justice Act enacted in India in 1986 (which was enacted in Jammu and Kashmir too by 1997, and the rules adopted in Jammu and Kashmir by 2007) came as beginning of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children)Act 2000. The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2000 is the primary legal framework for juvenile justice. The Act provides for a special approach towards the prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency and provides a framework for the protection, treatment and rehabilitation of children in the purview of the juvenile justice system. This law, brought in compliance of Child Rights Convention 1989, repealed the earlier Juvenile Justice Act of 1986 after India signed and ratified Child Rights Convention 1989 in year 1992. This Act has been further amended in year 2006 and 2010. Technically even though this Act talks about Juvenile only , it is nevertheless essential in our study of child trafficking for this age group which according to India, are also highly targeted and disregarding the technical and formal description of age, this age group (16-18) ends up being a vulnerable target to human trafficking. The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act is considered to be an extremely progressive legislation and Model Rules 2007 have further added to the effectiveness of this welfare legislation. However the implementation is a very serious concern even in year 2013 and Supreme Court of India is constantly looking into the implementation of this law in Sampurna Behrua Versus Union of India and Bachpan Bachao Andolan Versus Union of India. In addition to Supreme Court, various High Courts in India, specifically Bombay High Court and Allahabad High Courts are also monitoring implementation of JJ Act in judicial proceedings. In order to upgrade the Juvenile Justice Administration System, Government of India launched Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS) in year 2009-10 whereby financial allocations have been increased and various existing schemes have been merged under one scheme. 1.4 Other Measures of Protection of Human Rights under Indian Law The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 Suppression of Immoral Traffic in Women and Girls Act, 1956 Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 Bonded Labour (Abolition) Act, 1976 Employment of Children Act, 1938 (Amended in 1985) The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 Juvenile Justice Act, 1986 Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986 Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987 The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 The National Commission for Women Act, 1990 The National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992 The National Commission for Safari Karamcharis Act, 1993 The National Commission for Backward Classes Act, 1993 The Mental Health Act, 1993 1.5 Fundamental Duties and Human Rights Part IV(A) of the Constitution vests the Fundamental Duties of every Indian citizen (Article 51-A). This clause was inserted by 42nd Amendment 1976. The duties are to respect the Constitution and its institutions, to live by the noble ideals of the freedom struggle, to protect the sovereignty and integrity of India, to defend the country, to promote communal harmony, to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women, to preserve the cultural heritage, to protect and improve the natural environment, to have compassion for living creatures, to develop the scientific temper, to safeguard public property and abjure violence and to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity. In 2002 The Eighty- sixth Constitutional Amendment inserted a new clause (k) in Article 51(A) making it the duty of parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or as the case may be, ward between the ages of 6 and 14 years. In the subsequent years it appeared that parts III, IV and IV (a) of the Constitution are heavily depended upon the judiciary for their interpretation and application. The various ‘reasonable restrictions’ clauses mentioned in Part III, Article 21, and the rarely used Part IV-A have given the judiciary ample scope for reviewing the administrative and legislative action. Infact, Article 21 has allowed judicial institutions to act as a catalyst in pushing the State to implement the DPSPs with respect to the â€Å"life and personal liberty.† 1.6 Directive Principles of State Policy and Human Rights The non-enforceable rights in Part IV of the Constitution are mainly those of economic and social in nature. However, Article 37 makes it clear that despite being non enforceable it does not weaken the duty of the State to apply them in making laws, due to their fundamental nature. Additionally, the innovative jurisprudence of the Supreme Court has now read into Article 21 (the right to life and personal liberty) many of these principles and made them enforceable.[6] Reading in nutshell we can find that they demarcate the duties of the State, i.e. encompassing securing a social order with justice, social, economic and securing for â€Å"the citizens, men and women equally† the right to an adequate means of livelihood. (Article 38). They directdistribution of ownership and control of community resources to subserve the common good., prevent concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment , secure equal pay for equal work for both men and women, prevent abuse of labor, including child labor , ensure child development , ensure equal justice and free legal aid organize village democracies (Article 39). In Article 40, constitution sates the provision of the right to work, education and public assistance in case of unemployment, old age sickness and disability. Article 41 vests provision of humane conditions of work, whereasArticle 42 entails the living wage and a decent standard of life and so on so forth. Hence it can be witnessed that these directives aim to include the indispensable provisions for development of child and education for children amongst the other essential directives i.e. to provide for human rights and decent standard of living. 1.7 Political Rights and Human Rights India being the largest representative democracy in the world is based on universal adult suffrage, providing every Indian of at least eighteen years of age the right to vote. The Constitution of India provides for direct elections to the House of the People of the Central Parliament, i.e. the Lok Sabha and the State [Provincial) Legislative Assemblies, once in every five years.. The right to vote, the; right to contest elections, and the conduct of elections are all governed by the Constitution (Part XV) as well as special laws like the Representation of the People Act, 1951. 1.8 Judiciary and Human Rights The vanguard of human rights, the Judiciary is one of the three organ of Government in India. It performs this function by innovative interpretation of the constitution with regard to the human rights provisions. The Supreme Court in the case Ajay Hasia v. Khalid Mujib[7] declared that it has a special responsibility, â€Å"to enlarge the range and meaning of the fundamental rights and to advance the human rights jurisprudence.† The Supreme Court of India and the State High Courts have unequivocal powers under the Constitution to enforce the fundamental rights and it has liberally interpreted these powers. The major contributions of the judiciary to the human rights jurisprudence have been two-fold: (a) The substantive expansion of the concept of human rights under Article 21 of the Constitution, and (b) The procedural innovation of Public interest Litigation. 1.8.1 Expansion of Article 21 Article 21 remains the core concern in our discussions of human rights and it is essential to read it in much details. Article 21 reads as follows, – â€Å"No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law.† The expansion of Article 21 of the Constitution has taken place in two respects: The expression â€Å"the procedure established by law† was interpreted in the case A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras[8] in the year 1950, the very first year of the Constitution, the Supreme Court in, reflecting on the intentions of the Constitution-makers, held that â€Å"procedure established by law† only meant that a procedure had to be set by law enacted by a Legislature. This phrase was deliberately used in Article 21 in preference to the American â€Å"Due Process† clause. Three decades later, in Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India case, the Supreme Court noted that â€Å"the Supreme Court rejected its earlier interpretation and holds that the procedure contemplated under Article 21 is a right, just and fair procedure, not an arbitrary or oppressive procedure.†[9] The procedure, which is reasonable and fair, must now be in conformity with the test of article 14 — â€Å"in effect it has become a Due Process.† There is no doubt that the experience of National Emergency (1975-1977) prompted the court to go all out for vindication of human rights. Since Maneka Gandhi’s case, every case of infringement of rights by the Legislature has undergone judicial scrutiny in terms of the new guideline laid down by the Supreme Court of India. Further, this case led to the establishing of the due process norm, which included rights like, right to claim legal aid for the poor and the right to expeditious trial etc.[10] The judiciary interpreted ‘the right to life and personal liberty† to comprehend all basic conditions for a life with dignity and liberty. The judiciary has interpreted the word â€Å"Life† to include the right to possession of each organ of one’s body and a prohibition of torture or inhuman or degrading treatment by Police. In the Francis Coralie Mullin v. The Administrator, Union territory of Delhi[11] case, the Supreme Court held that â€Å"life† couldn’t be restricted to mere animal existence, or physical survival. Hence it can be summed up that the right to life means the right to live with dignity and availing the basic necessities of life such as adequate nutrition, clothing, shelter and facilities for reading, writing and expressing oneself. Many cases in High Courts and the Supreme Court often revealed â€Å"a shocking state of affairs and portray a complete lack of concern for human values.† . Justice Bhagwati held â€Å"if a person is deprived of his liberty under a procedure which is not ‘reasonable’, ‘fair’ or ‘just’, it would fall foul of Article 21. The following cases will through light that how time and again this Fundamental right has come to the rescue during the violation of Fundamental Rights. In Deoraj Khatri v. State of Bihar [12]case the Police brutality was raised in which 80 suspected criminals were brutally blinded during Police investigation (Bhagalpur Blinding case). The Supreme Court condemned it as a â€Å"barbaric act and a crime against mankind.† Where as in Sheela Barse, The State of Maharashtra case, the Court was heard the plight of custodial violence against women and in judgment it laid down certain guidelines against torture and ill treatment of women in Police custody and jails. The Supreme Court has held a right to monetary compensation for deprivations of the right to life and liberty suffered at the hands of the State under Article 21. In, Paramanand Katra v. Union of India, The health problems of workers in the asbestos industry led the Supreme Court to rule that the right to life and liberty under Article 21 also encompasses the right of the workers to health and medical aid.[13] [1] A.I.R. 1976 S.C. 1207 at 1293 [2] A.I.R. 1978 S.C. 597 [3] A.I.R. 1967 S.C. Delhi 1836 [4] A.I.R. 1963 S.C. 1295 [5] A.I.R. 1993 S.C. 645 at 733. [6]Justice Sujatha V. Man3har, Judiciary and Human Rights, Indian Journal of International Law (Vol. 36, Nc1.2, 1996): 39-54. [7] A.1.R .I981 S.C. 487 at 493. [8] A.I.R. 1950 S.C 27 [9] A.I.R. 1978 S.C. 597 [10] [11] A.I.R.98.1. S.C . 746. [12] A.I.R. 1981 S.C. 928 [13] A.I.R. 1989 (4) S.C.C. 286.

Sin of Adultery in Hawthornes The Scarlett Letter Essay -- essays res

The Scarlet Letter, a novel written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, shows the adverse consequences caused by adultery between Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale and Hester Prynne. Dimmesdale and Hester committed the supreme sin of the Puritan society they belong. They must both deal with the effects of the scarlet letter. Pearl, the daughter of the two lovers, continuously punishes Hester for what she has done. Dimmesdale can only see Hester and Pearl when others will not find out or see. Hester finds a way to support herself and daughter, and at the same time, puts a mark on the possessions of some who are a part of society. The sin of adultery created repercussions that were shared and individually experienced by Reverend Dimmesdale and Hester Prynne. The scarlet letter is worn by Hester as a repercussion of her adulterous sin to make known her crime of passion throughout the whole story. Hester has the choice to leave town and would no longer have to wear the scarlet letter. ?On the outskirts of the town, within the verge of the peninsula, but not in close vicinity to any other habitation, there was a small thatched cottage? (71). The cottage is Hester?s home. Hester feels by staying, she is not letting society control her and acknowledging what she has done. Hester?s action of staying in town shows her strong, self-determined spirit. Hester refuses to deny the sin because it defines who she is. Hester decides to live alone as a repercussion of the sin she committed When Hester makes the decision to not go away she has to find a way to support herself. Knowing the town will not help her, Hester turns to needlework to help support herself and daughter, Pearl. The things she makes are very beautiful and delicately done. The families that held... ...e type of what has seared his inmost heart! Stand any here that question God's judgment on a sinner! Behold! Behold, a dreadful witness of it!? (232-233) Everyone now knew and just as soon as he revealed the sin, the sin killed him while up on the scaffold. When Hester and Dimmesdale had an affair, they never knew how much it would affect the rest of their lives, thus their one sin defined their very existence. Hester proves to be a very strong and able person through all the triumphs she faces. She remains a great mother even when Pearl reminds her of what she has done. Dimmesdale continues to see Hester and Pearl, but only when no one else will find out. Dimmesdale can not handle the guilt he keeps inside for seven years and it brings him to his death. Hester and Dimmesdale both commit the sin of adultery, but the sin empowers Hester and kills Dimmesdale.

Ben Franklin :: essays research papers fc

Ben Franklin was a man of many ideas. He was able to come up with hundreds of inventions which played big roles at that time and for the future. He greatly affected the lives of many people around the world at that time period and at this time period with the things that he had invented. One of Ben Franklin’s greatest inventions was the Franklin stove. He took the model of the old stove and made it even better and more energy sufficient. The people of Philadelphia wanted the Franklin stove for two main reasons. The first reason is it gave off two times more heat than the old wood burning stoves. The second reason is it used one half the energy required for the old wood burning stoves(Cousins 88). This means that people didn’t have to chop down as many trees and split as much wood. They were able to used the wood for more useful things than just burning it. Ben wrote, †Since wood has become so expensive, any new proposal for saving the wood may at least be worth c onsideration†(Parker 13). They could use wood to build house or any other kinds of building or structures. They could also used the extra wood to build furniture and other things for the inside of their houses. Also there would be a lot of extra wood because less wood was required for burning. It was also was a lot less dangerous because it was a closed flame rather than an open fire. Ben found out that the women in his family that stayed home each day, did not get as many cold and toothaches as they used to(Cousins 89). â€Å"Soon every women in Philadelphia wanted a Franklin stove†(Cousins 89). â€Å"The Pennsylvania authorities were very pleased. They offered Franklin the patent for his design of the stove. This meant that he could earn money for every Franklin stove made. He refused saying that he was glad to be able to serve others.† (Parker 13) This was a truly great inventions for the people of that time and the present. During that time, wood burning was everyone’s source of heat, now there are many sources of heat. People still burn wood and it is probably the cheapest way to heat a house. Many people also use it as their primary source of heat or just as back up heat just in case something happens.