Advanced manufacturing technologies Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Advanced manufacturing technologies - Article Example Due to increased advancement in technology in various fields such as electronics, and medicine among others manufacturing engineers have advanced their techniques to cater for increasing demand in these other fields of technology.The complexities in manufacturing of parts required by the technologists in specialties such as medicine has necessitated development of various advanced manufacturing techniques. This paper seeks to outline Layered Manufacturing Technology (LM), Rapid Prototyping (RP) and other techniques used in advanced manufacturing technology in details. It will also establish the correlation between the technology and medicine; that is the use of the technology in manufacture of implants. Lastly the paper will discuss the details of reverse engineering technology as applied in Computer Aided Design (CAD).Advanced manufacturing technology is aspect of advancement in manufacturing technology that enables development of composites and composite materials that are benefici al to manufactures in the market. On the other hand it enhances productivity, efficiency and excellent quality of products manufactured. There are various aspects in the place of advanced manufacturing technology, which include Layered Manufacturing Technology, Computer Numerical Control among others.The Layered manufacturing technology has proved to be very diverse and in application and more so in the field of medicine. This technology though easy to implement since it does not require he contemporary tools needs a very skilled and knowledgeable know-how to implement if the desired results have to be obtained. This technology constitutes of various techniques that include Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), Selective Laser Melting (SLM) and Electron Beam Melting (EBM). Layered Manufacturing Technology Layered manufacturing technology (LM) can be defined as production of solid materials in laminated form. This technology of material production can be carried out using various methods but all of them apply the same idea of principle. In the process of manufacture the three-dimension design of the object to be produced should be well described with respect to its dimension. This is then formatted to give the slice; that is the layers in terms of their definite size and numbers so that they can be assembled together to form the solid material wanted. They are several technologies that are applicable in combination of the said layers or slices in this technology to come up with a solid object, thus this technology is perceived as construction of a definite solid shape from individual building units of given size. This technology as described, has some positive aspects to the technologists employing them; that is It makes the tools, moulds or dies usage not necessary. On the other hand the technologist can easily manipulate the quality of the surface finish of the object being manufactured Although the limitation to this technology is that the rate of manufacturing objects is slower than other methods of manufacturing which uses tools, moulds or dies and depends on the method used. This method of manufacturing in perception of the basic principle can be related to the following manufacturing methods. The layers are like bricks used by masons in constructions of objects of different required shapes. Clay threads layered together to form walls that will produce an object of required shape and size in pottery. Use of slices in expressing three-dimensional landscape in cartography. The big difference between layered manufacturing technology and above practices is that the units used in t LM technology are considerably very small to the tune of 10-100 microns. LM technology was developed from Rapid Prototyping (RP) technology, which involves high-speed production of patterns that are hard to produce using

The American people Essay Example for Free

The American people Essay The offensive had some initial successes for the Vietnamese because American intelligence failed to detect the build-up of enemy troops. One of the most famous events during this offensive was the infiltration of the American embassy in the South Vietnamese capital Saigon by a 15-man suicide squad, all of whom were easily killed. A reporter at the time in the embassy which was regarded as the safest place in Vietnam saw this as it was happening and this crisis was viewed by millions around the globe. After confident predictions of an imminent victory many Americans were shocked to see footage of Communist fighters in the grounds of the American embassy which created a ‘credibility gap’ between the official message and what was seen happening on television. Famously Walter Cronkite, the most influential US anchorman said â€Å"What the hell is going on? I thought we were winning this war†. The introduction of draft of new soldiers further increased opposition, and many burnt their draft cards. Black and other minorities, who made up the largest proportion of the American army, did not want to fight ‘for something that they don’t have themselves’, especially since many white people got out of the draft by going to college. Famously Muhammad Ali was prosecuted for refusing to be drafted and said, â€Å"No Vietcong ever called me nigger†. Also the shooting of Vietnam Veterans who were peacefully protesting outside Kent state only caused more unrest amongst the American people. Huge marches were taking place against the war, with a million people joining one in New York. Between 1960 and 1973 over 500,000 men deserted from the armed forces and in 1967 ‘Vietnam Veterans against the War’ was formed. Particularly significant in undermining support for the war at home was the growing realisation of the brutality of the war. US troops were trained to see the enemy as not human so that they felt able to kill them. The tactic of ‘Search and Destroy’ were intended to help find Communist guerrillas hiding in villages, but often resulted in innocent civilians being attacked and having their houses and crops destroyed as collateral damage. The use of chemical defoliants was also very damaging as they were found later to be carcinogenic and America’s indiscriminate bombing seemed only to alienate the South Vietnamese rather than win other their ‘Hearts and Minds’. The most famous atrocity of the war was the massacre in the village of My Lai on March 1968. The company was told that a Vietcong battalion was hiding in the village and that any villagers found were definitely communist supporters. Despite finding no enemy fighters they destroyed the village and killed hundreds of its inhabitants. At first this massacre was kept secret and only on November 12th 1969 did the story appear in the American press after a reporter talked about the story to an officer on trial for this massacre. The reports of the massacre greatly strengthened the anti-war movement in America. This shook many Americans view of themselves as the ‘good guys’ and made them question whether America was fighting for a just cause. In addition the $66 million a day spent by 1968 meant that President Johnson’s spending on a new ‘Great Society’ was drastically cut, and income tax rose. $900 million worth of American equipment had been destroyed however they had only done $300 million worth of damage to the North Vietnamese economy. Also the cost of the troops in Vietnam amounted to about $20 to $30 billion a year. In 1967 ‘Life Magazine’ calculated it cost $400,000 for each Vietcong guerrilla killed. The media was the most powerful reason for America losing the war and the fact that it was uncensored meant that gruesome pictures were reported back in America which caused un-repairable damage to the war effort. This war showed definitively that if the people at home are not happy to fight, a country will never win. The power and danger of the media was shown with the recent Wikileaks scandal, showing that there is a need not to have everything out in the public. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Vietnam 1954-1975 section.

La Belle Dame Sans Merci To Autumn

La Belle Dame Sans Merci To Autumn I have chosen to compare these two poems both written by Keats. Keats was only 26 years old when he died, and wrote La Belle Dame Sans Merci just three years before this. He died of tuberculosis along with his mother and brother. His brother passed away in 1919, a year after both poems were written, indicating that the poems may have some significance to Keatss feelings and emotions in both poems. To Autumn is a poem celebrating the beauty of nature in the season of autumn. It is a very sensuous poem with lots of strong imagery. In To Autumn there is a very regular iambic pentameter rhyme scheme and there are three stanzas each eleven lines long. The regular rhyme scheme contributes to the calmness and serenity of the poem and highlights the poems ode like qualities, with nothing but praise for the different aspects of the season. By contrast La Belle Dame Sans merci is a narrative poem written in ballad quatrains, which are all rhyming couplets, It also has a lot more stanzas that have fewer lines. This cuts off the regularity and the harmonious feel is broken unlike in To Autumn. Another way Keats splits up the rhythm is by using caesura (he uses a lot of dashes which create pauses and breaks in his work. From the start of To Autumn we see mists and mellow and fill all fruit These two pieces of alliteration in the first stanza help the poem sound appealing and run smoothly of the tongue. Perhaps the sound made when reciting mists and mellow could be likened to bees buzzing which would be a great way of Keats incorporating nature into a poem about nature. In the second stanza the rhetorical question Who hath not seen thee oft amid thy store? is asked, helping to engage the reader and makes them think about nature. I think there is a change in tone in the second stanza from the from first. In the first we are given images of wonderful fullness that nature is bringing to objects such as fill all fruit with ripeness to the core and plump the hazel shells. These create a sense of achievement and perfectness being instilled into objects in nature and create a proud and triumphant mood. However in the second stanza the mood is that of a slow moving and relaxed one. The words drowsd and sound asleep are used which are related to relaxation and the phrase sitting careless on a granary floor is used, suggesting there is no rush about things, again relating to the overall slow moving mood of this stanza. thy soft hair lifted by a winnowing wind is a nice phrase using personification (winnowing wind) to add to the relaxing feeling the poet is trying to convey. Another word that cements the slow moving tone is oozing which keats uses to describe cider being pressed The third stanza lists some of the the sounds of nature, but describes them in a bounteous and praising way. Then in a wailful choir the small gnats mourn is a line that demonstrates how keats can turn something normally overlooked into something that catches your attention and makes you appreciative about it. He does this by describing the gnats as a choir, a group that represents disciplined order and talent. He describes them as a wailful and says that they mourn, by describing them as having so much emotion it helps us to realise that they are complex and are purposeful. Keats also uses an interesting juxtaposition soft dying on the third line of this stanza to describe the day, soft suggests calm and gentleness, however death is the imminent end. I think Keats wants us to appreciate the sheer beauty of nature in this poem, and his intention is to make us believe as strongly as possible that this beauty around us is not to be taken for granted. In my mind he has instilled a strong representation of his perception of nature. I think hes done this by using such great visual and descriptive imagery as well as appealing to the senses. In this poem we are bombarded with reference to on sense or another and in the 3 stanzas every one of the five senses are mentioned, clammy cells instantly remind you of touch whereas the fume of poppies draws you to imagine the smell in your own head, all the references to these senses build a stronger picture in your head of the painting Keats is trying to paint. Keats creates strong imagery in this ballad and focuses on every sense, we have sound- they criedand sweet moan, taste sweet relish, smell fragrant zone and a passage that brilliantly describes the womans beauty Full beautiful-a faerys child, Her hair was long, her foot was light, And her eyes were wild this creates a perfect image of the womans beauty, perhaps the fact she is a faerys child heightens her good looks as this image could not be achieved by a normal human being. Keats uses the metaphor on thy cheeks a fading rose, this uses flowers (bringing nature into it) to show how his cheeks are rosy, but are fading just like a rose, this could mean that the life is draining from the man. i see a lily on thy brow is another metaphor that brings attention to his pale forehead through the use of flowers. As the narrator is using these terms about the knight it could bring a clue to his personality, someone fond of nature perhaps? Throughout the ballad we see countless examples of the word wild being used, eyes were wild, i shut her wild, wild eyes and honey wild this repetition shows the relation or association the poet wants to give the poem to nature. In this poem nature reflects the position of the knight, however in To Autumn nature is personified in a much more positive way and Autumn is personified as being close bosom-friend of the maturing sun which shows its friendliness in that it is conspiring with the sun. The metaphor sometimes like a gleaner thou dost keep is used and Autumn is also personified to have thy hair soft-lifted by the winnowing wind and to be someone who watchest the last oozings hours by hours. In-fact the whole second stanza is an extended personification of Autumn carrying out relaxing activities related to the relaxing nature of the season. The tone of this poem is very lifeless with a very gloomy atmosphere, the knight is described as being haggard which shows tiredness and he is palely loitering which shows he has no purpose about him or what he will do, this women has made his life worthless with no path. The landscape is barron and possibly the season of winter as no birds sing. Authenticity of a medieval timezone is also added by old fashioned spellings such as faery instead of fairy. As we know, both poems are about nature although the way in which all life has been sucked out of the knight shown by the description that he is palely loitering and how Keats shows the bleakness and cold of the situation by describing warriors as death pale with starved lips. He also describes the scenery as cold and the sedge is withered from the lake. This desolate and isolated feel is in complete contrast the way the surrounding in To Autumn is teaming with life and fruit is filled with ripeness to the core. With everything reaching its full potential with the help from the seasons. An example of this is the way that he writes that summer has oerbrimmed their clammy cells. To Autumn has much more praise and descriptions of the beauty of nature. In The Belle Dame Sans Merci I think Keats intentions are to show perhaps how the naivety of falling into love could end with such undesirable consequences with no way out(especially when they dont love you as much as you love them). In the poem the knights disappointment would be less severe if he did not believe from the beginning of their affair that the fairy child loved him in equal measure. She appears to fall in love with the knight just as he is falling for her. The look she gives him in line 19 and her sweet moan might be read as signs of her love, and the presents she gives him are further proof they are equally balanced in their feelings for one another. She even takes him back to her home, her elfin grot, and makes him feel comfortable. It would be natural for him to assume she is as interested as he is in continuing their relationship when he awakes. However you cant be sure the knights intense feeling when he finds his lady gone is caused primarily by the loss of her. I t could be that he is suffering from the disappointing conclusion that she never really loved him as much as he thought she did. By the end of the poem he clearly feels alone, but he does not show any hatred toward her. The only clues the poem gives about whether or not the lady may have felt love for the knight come from the people who visit the knight in his dream and tell him the lady is pitiless, that she has no mercy, Them coming to him also suggest she has done it do them before and he is another person to have fallen into her cruel trap. To Autumn is an example of an Ode as it is addressed to somebody and written in stanzas. La Belle Dame Sans Merci apart from the obvious difference of a French title contains all the necessary elements of a Ballad; it is a quatrain with the second and fourth line of each stanza rhyming and has much shorter lines. Also Autumn is written as an address to a season while La Belle Dame Sans Merci is a dialogue. A similarity is that the two poems share a common setting, this being autumn. As well as the giveaway from the title in To Autumn Keats writes about the landscape With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eaves run and still more, later flowers for the bees, two extracts from the first stanza which describe Autumn. In La Belle Dame Sans Merci also in the first stanza it says The sedge has witherd from the lake which is an scenario that happens in autumn. Another common feature is the poems sensuality, as both use descriptions relating to all the senses. This is integral to the atmosphere as the sensuality makes the setting and events so much more authentic in the readers mind. This nature and sensuality are very closely linked in both poems, everything to do with the senses is natural. However there is a difference in the way nature is referred to in La Belle Dame Sans Merci. because there is a peripeteia, the faery who is most natural thing in the ballad and who has given the knight so much pleasure sucks the life from him when he least expects it And there she lulled me asleep. The faery that has seemed to give life and personify nature is the same one that took away life from the knight. There are also many contrasts between the two poems of Keats. The tone of the poems are very different. To Autumn is rich, positive, happy and praising the goodness of life and nature. La Belle Dame Sans Merci is enchanted however very sad and desolate. To Autumn is full of long wholesome words with many syllables exaggerating the fulness, like fruitfulness, winnowing and conspiring. As well as these Keats uses hyphenated words bosom-friend, soft-lifted and half-reapd. These words add to the rich feelings and complex structure of the poem and break the rhythm up as I said earlier. La Belle Dame Sans Merci is written in a much simpler direct way using many short monosyllabic words And no birds sing or And her eyes were wild. This makes the poem very sharp and harsh, with to the point phrases. When you read To Autumn it has to be read slowly to savour the bountiful description Keats is creating, but La Belle Dame Sans can be read quickly to keep up with the pace of the story being to ld. In To Autumn throughout the poem the season is gradually changing.The bees think warm days will never cease for summer has oevbrimmd their clammy cells indicates there are still some characteristics left of summer, but later on in the poem it says that the red breast whistles from a garden croft, indicating the arrival of winter. This movement through the season is relaxed and will repeat every year. This could relate to how Keats was aware of his oncoming death but was calm and accepting of it, shown in the relaxed feel of this poem. Perhaps Keats ballad was an opposite point of view, showing how he felt he was trapped in a place and loitering until his death? Or maybe the two poems could both indicate different things in his life. In La Belle Dame Sans Merci The poem itself could be a metaphor for events in Keats own life. Keats had recently lost a brother to tuberculosis and he himself was. a lily on thy brow and on thy cheeks a fading rose, both these lines could be interpreted as symptoms for the disease. La Belle Dame may (or may not) be referring to a woman Keats met who distracted him, from his vocation, and as he was in such a bad state she could be wasting what little time left he had on the word. Autumn could then be some of his work she was distracting him from, the work praising the world and drawing attention to the beauty that was appreciated by him as he knew he would miss it so much. In conclusion the two different styles of writing poetry (the Ode and Ballad) which would normally be so different are made similar in many ways by what Keats has added to them, he has added his touch and it is these personal features that run through both poems which links them and makes them exciting.

Irony, Arrogance, And Oedipus Essay -- essays research papers

"Listen to me. You mock my blindness, do you?/ But I say that you, with both your eyes, are blind" (I, 195-196). With these memorable words, the sightless prophet Teiresias all but paints the entire tragic story of Sophocles' Oedipus the King, one of the most prominent pieces of Greek literary heritage. Greeks knew and loved the story of Oedipus from childhood, just as children today cherish the story of Cinderella. In his version of the beloved tale, Sophocles concentrates his attention on the events directly leading to Oedipus' destruction, portraying Oedipus as a helpless pawn of fate. The most prominent literary device is dramatic irony, primarily of the spoken word, through which--especially in the Prologue--Sophocles captures audience attention, illuminates Oedipus' arrogant personality, and foreshadows the events of the final scenes. It is not difficult to understand why Sophocles resorts to dramatic irony in the construction of his play. He is working with much the same problem a modern-day playwright would face in fashioning a play around the Cinderella motif: audience familiarity, leading to a lack of suspense. It is difficult to maintain audience interest when the conclusion and the events leading up to it are obvious to everyone. To circumvent this difficulty, Sophocles saturates his play with dramatic irony, riveting the audience with the awareness that they know more than Oedipus, letting them cringe with the delicious knowledge of the misfortunes he will face. Sophocles employs the blindness of Oedipus to such advantage that he creates an atmosphere similar in many respects to that of a modern horror film. The audience knows the destination well and has probably been there before, but the journey is too pleasurable to forego. Understandably, it is the Prologue that is richest in dramatic irony, because in that scene, everyone concerned is still in complete darkness to the truth and their ignorance therefore causes their words to carry far greater weight. Oedipus comes out to the people, moved with compassion at their suffering, and says to their spokesman the Priest: "Tell me, and never doubt that I will help you/In every way I can; I should be heartless/Were I not moved to find you suppliant here" (Prologue 12-14). He will help them ... ... He seeks to make the name of Oedipus a force to be reckoned with, a terror to evildoers. And, frankly, he desires to perpetuate his name by elevating himself to celebrity status. One can almost hear the gods laughing as Oedipus builds his air castles. Oedipus shall indeed perpetuate his name--in one of the most horrible ways imaginable. He will indeed save Thebes--but he will destroy himself in the process. His name will become a byword forever. He will leave an unending legacy not of glory and fame but of infamy and shame. Through Oedipus the King Sophocles presents the paradox of a man whose good side causes harm and whose bad side works good. The character of Oedipus itself is one vicious irony, for his virtues devolve into virulent vices that wreak his complete destruction. Though the story he tells is a heartbreaking and predictable tragedy, Sophocles masterfully employs the tools of his craft to fashion a drama that has captured the fascination of untold generations. Perhaps therein lies the ultimate irony: The name of Oedipus will always be cloaked in a pall of darkest ignominy, but that of Sophocles remains forever radiant in brightest glory.

My favourites

Well when I go off to wonder I always Like to think about my favorite things. For Instance my favorite color Is green. I think what It would be like to have everything that color must get boring to after a while of always seeing that color right well my sister's room Is all pink and she still buys a lot of other oink stuff. My favorite kind of shoe is the high heel. I know what you might think at seeing me I am socio tall I should not want to be taller but I like how it makes me look. Long legs, great calves and awesome posture. My favorite animal is a frog.I love frogs I wish my mom would let me have a frog, but she says that they are gross. I don't really think that they are gross they are living creatures. I have a bunch of stuffed animals of them and they are also green. My favorite Disney princess is Princess Aurora. Most people think her name is Rose or know her better by Sleeping Beauty. I love her movie I practically know It by memory. They have made so many other versions o f that movie and they Just practically ruin It. I Like her because my mom says that my older sister Is Belle, I'm Aurora and my little sister Is Cinderella.My favorite place to be Is a little town In Mexico named Callow. It In the state of Causalities. I have spent most of my life there so I take that place to heart. I also spent all my teenage life there so I feel I grew up with the mentality of over there. My favorite body part it is my hair. Its curly a beautiful color and shiny. And I feel unique with it, since I am the only one in my house with curly hair. Daniel Rodriguez Princess Aurora she is my favorite Disney princess. My mom likes to say that my sisters look like the three mayor princesses (Sleeping Beauty, Cinderella and Belle).She says since I am not that blonde or that dark. That leaves me as Sleeping Beauty. Another reason that I am Like her is that I sleep a lot. When I think about sleeping beauty, I think that It Is about the love of parents. That no matter how much you try to protect your children anything can happen and will happen. I also feel that it means that life can get better when you find the perfect one, your prince Philip. Another interpretation is that when he wakes you up to what life is really about. Even though everything happened to Aurora when she was 16 and know I am 19 1 still feel that one day something like that might happen to me.Puff I wish Just something similar. I mean I am still single. Whenever I feel bad about my love life I see that movie and feel better it is like my safe little place. I'll admit that I have the stuffed dolls of all the Sleeping Beauty characters. And I sometimes think about my wedding, yes I think about my wedding, I hope my wedding dress Is Like hers In some ways of course. I don't know I Just really Like everything about her. The weird thing Is that my best friends are usually In the number three, Like the fairy god mothers. In conclusion I love that movie and princess.

Conclusion Families Essay

Families are viewed differently by various people in the world. Some individuals have cherished this institution. And others have not. Origins of the family article try as much to discuss what a family is and its origins. The traffic in women is an article that describes who is a woman and for many centuries what treatment women have gone through socially and mentally. This paper will give a detailed account of each of the article and lastly it will compare and contrast the contents of the two articles. Origins of the family Different views are expressed about a family around the world whereby it has been discovered that people share common backgrounds even though extremely far apart. The most primitive people in the world including the original American Indians have their way to describe what a family is. The American Indians were the first group that was studied so that an overview or a general idea about a family was created even though the studies have been extended to many other regions around the world, there where many other observations that were carried out or taken into consideration. One of the main issues that passively describe a family is the system of name calling or relations in the extended family. For instance, cousins never called each other cousins but brothers and sisters. Young people who grow in that setting have no questions to ask but the join the system and that kind of trend has been very natural with and for them. This kind of phenomenon was first noticed in the New York state among the few remaining Indian American tribe Iroquois by name and the Seneca tribesmen and women adopted it. Wonders did not cease there, some indigenous tribes in India where also practicing the same. This kind of naming and relating is known as consanguinity. Families are not only found to exist in man but animals and birds as well. This is the reason why animals are found in herds or groups. Animals exhibit a unique behavior that exhibited by man or birds. For instance during the mating period of these animals is the most tempting moments that may destroy or temporarily relinquish the family relations. The males fight to retain supremacy over one another and during this period it is rare to notice animals walking or doing things in a group as usual. This behavior has been related to the living animals that are close to human i. e. primates which now have human like characteristics. Apes also fight while mating whereby males seriously engage in fights to gain and maintain supremacy over the others; this is the time group work or family relating ties temporarily wane. What does this tell us about human family? The human family is different from any kind of animals or birds or primates because members of a family do anything out of reasoning and nothing else. But it is the great quest for knowledge that leads to many discoveries. For example birds practice monogamy form of families and while observing them these birds fly in pairs. People also practice monogamy but some practice polyandry and polygamy. Polyandry is a practice where a woman is married to many husbands and it is not done secretly but it is well known and polygamy is when a man is having many women, it is not a secret. This switches the topic to sexuality and family. Sex life is a must do thing to sustain and ensure continuity of any family lineages. All peoples in the world this fact and even the most primitive people know that for the continuity of the family system sex has to be practiced. Nevertheless, it is interesting that many of these people in the world where research has been conducted, they in a way respected the institution of marriage and more so sex whereby they never treated women as commodities of sex even though polygamy was practiced. They had special times of the month or year when they practiced sex and theirs was not for pleasure but procreation. People like the Savages were believed to be very harsh and took women as tools for and of sexual intercourse to give birth to as many children as possible but this was not the case. Marriage was a respected institution where a man and a woman possessed one another. There was no jealousy and instances of men sharing women and women sharing men unless otherwise in some primitive communities where some sexual related activities occurred. Like in some communities it was a taboo to engage in sex with someone outside with members who were perceived to enemies and it could be rather better with a close family member that that perceived enemy. However in some communities it was not a taboo for brothers and sisters to have sexual intercourse. In some communities or family groups of the ancient Greece, sexual intercourse was not prohibited among brothers and sisters because this was one an assured way of multiplying quickly and another reason was not to endanger the security of fellow countrymen by marrying from outside but with time this practice came to a halt. One interesting trend of families that have been found in t world is where men marry many wives and naturally if a visitor comes by and he takes a night in that homestead, the visitor will be offered one of the wives to entertain for the long he will stay around no matter the visitor is known or not known to the family and this means even any strangers enjoyed that right. In a research that was conducted in Australia, there is a sub-tribe that practices a peculiar tradition that all women in another sub tribe known to them are naturally wives to men in their tribe and it does not matter whether you have married one woman from that sub tribe but all the others by default they are wives. Sex among sub tribe members is strictly forbidden. The trend of a man being entertained sexually far away while sojourning is or was a practice by the aborigines in Australia. In the world today the family trends are still intriguing for example some indigenous tribes are taking deliberate measures to sustain or maintain their people who are being swallowed up by wider communities especially the settlers until they resort to conducting marriages among themselves that are among sisters and brothers. It is not their fault because since time immemorial the practices took place even in ancient Biblical times. Through a man God trusted in the town called Sodom and Gomorrah that was Lot, slept with her daughters after their mum had perished in the inferno and their was no righteous man who could have married them by then. Regardless it was their father they managed to bore children and the family of the generation continuity was established. Who know these things may be going on without the knowledge of other people or the family members themselves. More other family customs are like the ones that are yet conducted by people all over the world, for instance, the American Indians of California have had festivals where tribes come together purposely for a promiscuous sexual intercourse. This kind of tradition is also in and practiced in Australia. In Australia some older men and magicians exploit wives in their community and monopolize many of the women for themselves. These kinds of practices have been witnessed in Hos, Santals, etc of India and others in many parts of Africa. In many other places like the continent of South America, some communities in India, young girls enjoy sex until the get married. Families have gone through many different stages as the issue of polygamy is a hot debate whether it should be allowed or not. Some have preferred a simple family that is monogamy. Many practices of sex are not the things that should be taken for granted as diseases are popping up that are incurable and therefore families must be protected through all means. For instance many have accepted monogamy because this is the only form of or type family that better ideals are practiced. For instance there is an assurance of save sex and true expression of love among family members more especially husband and wife. Traffic in Women Traffic in women starts with the origins of women oppression and social discrimination and the discussion of this will light to the trend of fighting for the rights of women. Further excavation of the truth may measure whether the fight for equality will bear fruit from men and among women because for a long time women have been perceived as their own enemies. After doing a round of history on women and the cause of their discrimination and yet the have comparatively done excellent work in family circles from raising children and working tirelessly to sustain their families. One main issue is the analysis of the cause of this oppression or discrimination against women, and then it will be easier to change and achieve a society of equality. There have been situations where men were degraded like the slavery debacle, this affected women even ten times more than men. They suffered double tragedy as sex slaves and plantation slaves. They suffered physically, socially and emotionally. Marxist theory argues that women are not suffering as they work, they are as a reserve force for labor and their low wages is a way capitalists get surplus. But the Marxist theory only handles matters pertaining to labor which truly is not oppression. Marxist theory is the best way to describe the usefulness of women in societies around the world, so an analysis of suffering women using Marxist theory is very wrong. Maybe his (Marx) statement was or is misinterpreted to portray a tendency that women are suffering when they earning whichever meager resources to sustain their families. Unfortunately there are societies who use this excuse to oppress women. Examples have been given that some societies portray women as sex objects and nothing else. The Amazon region and New Guinea highlands are the examples in the world where women are simply known as sex objects and they are gang raped by marauding men. On the other hand, the origin of the tendency that women are home keepers is not known but is assumed that when Marxist theory came into use men were really wanted to work, the hard labor that required the enduring energy at home hence many a times women were left at home to take care of the families. The interpretation came to be precisely referred to as historical and moral element that it is a necessity for any worker to be married or have wife. The tendency of women kept at home for child rearing and general home keeping gave birth to a belief that women can not inherit property, serve God and lead. Capitalism bred this clear cut difference of masculinity and femininity. Some quarters up to date believe that sex oppression is part of capitalism as a social form. Due to social activities and the changes that come with it, human sex and gender have also as well changed over time. Women are expected to reproduce but it wise to differentiate between economic systems and sexual systems to avoid a scenario where women are assumed to be for only reproduction and nothing else. Great changes have been noticed in many societies where women have been opportunities to lead in various activities that have been traditionally meant for men. Therefore, it is consequently wrong to use capitalism to assume that women are meant to sexually reproduce and not economically reproduce. All in all kinship plays an extremely important role in any society and therefore kinship will place us and social researchers in a point where every will understand social obligations that are directly associated with men, women and then both of them. Kinship as many anthropologists may say and believe is system of categories and statuses which contradict the actual genetic relationships. A good precedent is where women or a woman is married to another woman and the marrying takes the responsibilities of a husband by paying dowry and bringing up the children. This practice is rife in many societies almost in very continent. Thus, it is not wrong to quip that kinship defines all social activities in a given society, be it economical, sexual or social activities. Kinship enjoys the status and statutes of the principle of anthropology but there are many underlying things that should be looked into and some of which are controversial like close family intermarriages, for example a cousin marrying a cousin. But it should be born in mind that kinship systems differ from one another in culture which includes taboos and marriage. In all endeavors of kinship, marriage is one of the issues that seem to be treated with respect even though there are those primitive societies and not all of the that still use the excuse of kinship to undermine family values. These societies that treat marriage as special they call it a gift and this a very positive sign in a way that nobody will be foolish enough to destroy the gift that has been bestowed upon him. Now, this is the most important part of kinship or the positive role that kinship plays in a society. Through the exchange of the gift family ties get stronger, solidarity and trust is established, in this case the women given away in marriage is more a gift than a man. Interestingly some people have claimed that this is a commercial venture because dowry exchanges hands. The result of a gift in form of a woman is more profound and appreciated than other gift transactions because the relationship that is established is not just one of reciprocity but one of kinship. And this is a strong message of a society to other people who mistaken women to be sex slaves and child bearing machines. The exchange of partners also establishes their descendants related by blood. Two people may exchange gifts and quarrel or fight but in for intermarriage connects them in a permanent way. In some communities or societies gifts giving through marriage are not as simple as it may sound. For some people the exchange of gifts in form of women sound commercial and they term it as a transaction of giving and taking making a woman who is given away as a conduit of relationships but which is true. In such occasions, oppression of women is not expected and the rate of exploitation is minimal. The term traffic in women can be clearly defined at this point. Very apart from the normal and culturally accepted gift in form of a woman, some societies give women away for just the exchange of favors during famine, war and even some are sent away as a tribute. Then complexities start arising at this point because women are treated like commodities just given at will and at a price. In history this has happened and it differs from one cultural group or culture to another. At this very point some anthropologists argue that the issue of women trafficking came with the advent of culture meaning that culture explosion let to the exchanging and or trafficking of women. To a wider extent this was and is not true. The exchange of women in some societies it is intended for the well being of the community and for proper procreation. However some communities or greedy individuals capitalize in the venture to traffic women for economical or material gain. These women end up being mistreated and are used as sex tools to enrich the buyers or traffickers. There must be a clear cut distinction between those ones given as gifts in marriage and those other ones given away or trafficked to enrich unscrupulous individuals. That is why somewhere in this paper it is noted that some people envy the occasion when women are given as gifts and they feel it should be a commercial venture instead. But the genuine exchange of women in marriage is regarded as a fundamental principle of kinship. This ends up in an organized relationship of gender and sex. However, it does not oppress the women or degrade them. The analysis of a social system that touches sensitive issues like sex and gender generates very hot debates and this is the time when differing opinion are heard and some are very sentimental in nature. This is the time when kinship and its principles are put into temptations and negative scrutiny. Comparisons of the two topics The main objective of this paper as it was clearly stated in the introduction part of it was to compare and contrast the two issues or items i. e. the origins of the family and the traffic in women. It is of the essence to first have elaborated points in each item so that a few things are mentioned or the comparisons are done in form of a summary under this topic. First and foremost, the items have elaborated about family while the item ‘origins of family‘ concentrates on the family relationships and the close knit ties and cousins do not regard and call each other cousins but brothers. This piece of item has also highlighted the important role women play is society and the many dangers and challenges the face in their daily operations and life. The other item ‘traffic in women’ elaborates more on the treatment of family members especially women. It has highlighted the same occurrences in women of many societies around the world. This item on its part has elaborated on the trafficking of women for commercial reasons hence a disgrace to the society but in the way round, there is a good show on the value of women as they are exchanged as gifts in marriage which portray the importance of women in the society. But the item continues to analyze the repercussions of the exchanging a woman as a gift and the repercussion is some people in society have extended this to trafficking women for their personal gain. In both pieces of items the comparisons and contrasts do not adventure outside the family circles even though they both talk about communities or societies around the world. They have featured and analyzed about the indigenous societies or communities among them the native red Indians in the United States, the aborigines in Australia, some primitive tribes in New Guinea and many others. Women are given more attention by both items because of the mistreatment they faced and they are facing so that this studies that were and are conducted will offer solutions to the many demeaning or dignifying problems women face. Last but not least, sex is discussed by both stories but the first story which deals with the origins of a family deeply discusses sex which is viewed as evil and the way women have been misused, while the story or item two that deals with traffic in women depicts how women have been sold for sex purposes and it is becoming a culture. The main theme of the two pieces of stories is family values which encompasses many other sub themes that are clearly depicted here. Some of the sub themes are sex, family ties, kinship or family relationships and women responsibilities. Conclusion Families have been raised and nurtured for as many years as the age of the universe and societies have done their part in raising and teaching families their values but of all that women have played a very extremely important role. Women are the cornerstones of families and through these two items this has been strongly confirmed. Therefore the statement that they are cornerstones of families must not be controversial. However, it is sad that those women have been abused and degraded by in and by all means in our society. Society means the world in this case.

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